The Liberal reforms of 1906-1914 Essay Example for Free

The Liberal corrects of 1906-1914 EssayTo what extent could the Liberal reforms of 1906-1914 be exposit as a native attempt to alleviate scantiness?This essay will explore the Liberal reforms introduced between 1906-1914 and assess the organisations efficacy in tackling pauperization. In the early twentieth century poverty was becoming an increasingly important issue and for a variety of reasons. Poverty had risen up the political agenda not least because of the advent of the Labour Party and their programme for cordial reform. At one end of the spectrum it is argued that the Liberal Government were crusaders for social reform, fighting oppression and poverty to manumit the get toing grades. At the other end, the Liberals were seen as a Government with no purpose or coherent strategy to deal with these issues and were not even coupled with legislation being introduced piece meal as a reaction to several(prenominal) crisis.At the turn of the century large numbers of men, women and children had to endure cruel living and working fleshs. The estimated unemployment rate for 15 to 64 year aged(prenominal)s in 1902 was 69%1, although the unemployment rate as measured by those asserting unemployment related benefit was as low as 5%. even this raises questions about the accuracy of measuring and reporting conditions and begins to signify the potential numbers living on the poverty line.In 1900 trade union membership represented only 11% of those in employment and the impact of the Taff Vale2 judgement meant even the Trade Unions were powerless to improve the hapless working conditions. Further, the school leaving age in 1900 was 12 and according to the 1901 census 10% (140,000) 10 14 year old boys were already working. The benefits give by the state were in any event below subsistence level and these issues were compounded by poor housing and over crowding, poor diet and health. unneurotic with lack of health assist meant large numbers were living in extreme poverty. These conditions had prevailed throughout the 19 Century and there had been no concerted childbed to tackle the issue.However, in the eight years before the First World War, the Liberal Government first under Henry Campbell-Bannerman and then Herbert Asquith embarked upon a wholesale programme of social and economic reform. New Liberalism advocated social reform, financed by higher taxation on the wealthy. Surveys concerning the poor by individuals such as Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree in York3 had revealed the extent of poverty and brought the problem to public attention.This could explain the burst of activity by the Liberal Government. In their studies they distinguished between families suffering from primary and alternate poverty. Such studies provided a wealth of statistical data on compensation, hours of work, nutritional needs, food consumed, health and housing. Booth and Rowntree published a book4 illustrating the failings of the capitalis t system and argued that juvenile measures were needed to overcome the problems of unemployment, old age and ill health. Their findings highlight the reasons for Liberal reforms being made.Historians such as S. Reed Brett and Murray believe that the Liberal reforms of 1906 onwards were significant. They claim that by moving towards the State intervening in peoples lives and changing attitudes they laid the foundations of the offbeat state today. One view is that Lloyd Georges reforms were the first real step to changing societys attitude to helping the endangered and poor. They convinced people that the governments role should be to help the poor and needy. This made it possible for later governments to bring in welfare reforms such as the discipline Health Service (in 1948). Murray illustrates this view in his work The social reforms of the pre-war Liberal government had no opportunity to work on a major dent in the extent of poverty before the Great War, but there is some ev idence to allude that they began to make a balance in the long term. (Murray, 1999)The Liberal reforms can as well be considered in very different terms. whatsoever contempories believed that the Liberals were only interested in Britains efficiency as a country. It can be argued that the Liberal government brought in their welfare reforms because they were afraid that a unappeasable and badly educated workforce would leave Britain lag behind other countries like Ger some(prenominal). If Britain was to compete and of importtain its position as a world power, then it had to be run efficiently. This theory supported the legal opinion that healthy, well-educated workforce was essential. (Murphy, 2000)Commentators are also of the view that political pressures from the left induced fear in the Liberal Administration, which ultimately forced or advance the government to embark on social reform. These conflicting interpretations will be reviewed in more than detail when considering the effectiveness of the reformsThe extreme poverty place in the research conducted by Booth and Rowntree and the poor health levels of those conscripted for the Boer War5, proved to be a catalyst for the actions taken to improve health, education and the general welfare of the public. It is opened that many historians and commentators have conflicting views concerning the Liberal Administration and question the motives for reform.However, there is no doubt that the Liberals introduced a series of important measures. The social reforms to benefit the worst classes were centred on three areas, children, elderly and poverty resulting from unemployment and sickness. The Liberal Administration was aware of how controversial such reforms were and started with attempts to improve conditions for working class children. Such children were the nearly vulnerable section of society, but also could not be held to blame for their predicament. Even so there was still foe as some believed th at parents were responsible for children and that government intervention would only undermine individual emptydom and responsibility. Despite such beliefs there was a common consensus that the poverty experienced by the poorest working class children was a national disgrace and a range of measures were introduced.In 1906 the government introduced the Education (School Meals) execute, which resulted from the work of the Labour MP William Beverage. This gave local councils the power to provide free school meals for the poorest families. In many ways this was a great success. On the other hand, the Act allowed local authorities to provide meals, but it did not make it a mandatory requirement.In 1907 the Liberals, established compulsory medical inspections. This was owed to civil servant Sir Robert Morant. The checks were free, but in some areas they were carried out more thoroughly than others. Further, notwithstanding the introduction of the inspections, they were not a solution f or all as the treatment was not free. Therefore the success of such inspections is questionable.This is illustrated by Murray Both measures gradually had a major impact despite their opponents. Although the 1906 Act was at first permissive (Local Education Authorities were not compelled to supply school meals), by 1914 over 14 million meals per annum were being provide for 158,000 children. In a similar way, the 1907 Act did not compel local authorities to set up clinics, but by 1914 most were proving some medical treatment for children. (Murray, 1999)Later, in 1908 the government introduced the Children and Young Persons Act, due to the influence of pressure groups such as the NSPCC6. Children became protected persons, which meant that parents who ill-treated or neglected their children could now be prosecuted. The Act banned the sale of alcohol and tobacco to children and prohibited them from working in dangerous trades like scrap metal. Also, children who stone-broke the law wer e now dealt with in specialist juvenile courts and prisons. These were clearly important measures to improve the welfare of children and help tackle child poverty. It can be express that these reforms were the Liberals principal achievement during their first tenure in office.The Liberals were fully aware that for many people the main cause of poverty was old age. In reply to this they introduced Old Age Pensions in 1908. It was highly controversial because of the expected cost. It was also debatable because some people thought that old people were in poverty because they had wasted their money throughout their lives.Overall, Old Age Pensions were very well received and had support from most of the public. To qualify, people had to be over the age of 70. They also had to earn less than 31 per year and have lived in Britain for 20 years. The number of old people who depended on charity or the Poor justice dropped dramatically as a result of this reform. Pugh clarifies this The sch eme was implemented in ways calculated to reassure the beneficiaries, that it promoted the independence of the elderly, that it reached more people than is usually thought, and that it helped to falsify ordinary attitudes towards the state. (Martin Pugh 2000) However, the pension act was still a very controversial measure mainly due to the sectors of society excluded by the Act and the retention of the conceit deserving and undeserving individuals.With regard to the unemployed Booth and Rowntrees investigations revealed that inadequate wages were another major cause of poverty and minimum wage legislation was identified as a foundation step. The Liberals felt they had no option other than to address the problem and as a result passed the 1909 Trade Boards Act and the 1912 Mines Act. Although they were extra in setting and effect, the measures label a shift away from the 19th century laissez faire attitude that the government should not intervene in the setting of wages.Some o f the most far-reaching reforms introduced by the Liberals concerned working people. Throughout the early 1900s there were a range of different measures undertaken by local authorities to help the sick and unemployed. The government supported many. However, by 1911 the Liberals were convinced that some kind of government-controlled national system was needed.As a result they created National Insurance in 1911. The National Insurance Act was in two parts. The 1st part dealt with unemployment, the second with health. Workers earning under 160 per year had to join the scheme. They paid 4d per hebdomad from their own wages into an insurance scheme. The employer added a further 2d and the government added 3d on top of that. In return for their contributions workers got sick pay of 10 shillings a week for 6 months and unemployment pay of 7 shillings a week for up to 15 weeks.As with the other Liberal measures, when the scheme was introduced there was a lot of opposition suggesting its rad ical nature. Many workers resented the money being taken from their wages and many employers resented the amount of money it cost them. This was a regressive measure. The policy could have been more radical and progressive by linking the sums payable in National Insurance to wages as opposed to one amount for all workers. However, this was arguably the most important of all welfare reforms. By 1913, 13 million workers were insured in the scheme and a very important safety net had been established. It marked a break with the past in establishing the principle that providing help for the unemployed was a national not a local responsibility. It was clear that the principle of individual liberty was now being challenged by a stronger emphasis on collective welfare rights. (www.NationalArchives.gov.uk)Pearce and Stewart highlight this Although the Liberal government failed to make a popular impact at the time, a number of measures had particular significance because they showed that the government were prepared to intervene far more than had been the case in the past. This exemplifies a radical attempt to improve poverty The effect of these social reforms meant a significant increase in government intervention. The state had now assumed an unprecedented point in time of responsibility for individuals in the lower class of society. (Mike Byrne, 2005)The main criticisms of the Liberals reforms were the attitude towards welfare was generally too cautious. It can be argued that the Liberals reforms were miniscule more than a response to economic and political circumstances. There were large elements of compromise and Victorian moral attitudes were still featuring in the reforms. Whilst it is accepted that, as a whole, the welfare package introduced by the Liberals helped to some extent alleviate poverty, it is also clear that many people continued to slip through the net and that the Liberals measures were very limited in scope and were capable of further extensions. For example the 1909 pensions excluded old people under the age of 70 and did not cover criminals, people continually failing to find work and drunkards. Workers outside the industries covered in the Labour Exchange Act and Miners Minimum Wage Act did not qualify to receive a minimum wage. alone c.13 million out of a total population of c.45 million were included in the National Insurance Scheme.The National Insurance 1911 act pension reporting was not universal and was aimed mainly at lower paid and manual workers. It did not provide support for dependants. (www.National Statistics.gov.uk) Further more Free medical care was available to only a wage earner, not the wife or children. To tackle poverty more effectively the reforms could have been universal without deliberately excluding thousands of people. This is expounded by Watts Changes were often modest in scope and there was a number of areas which remained unreformed. (Watts, 1995)Most of the Liberal reforms depended upon lo cal government and local services to deliver them. plot of ground this had the effect of removing the stigma of the Poor Law, it also depended upon the priorities of the local authorities. The provision of school medical services, for example, was made possible by central government but its death penalty was patchy as it relied on local authorities, many having differing priorities. In effect this meant there was no coherent strategy or mechanism to implement the much-needed reform, which then failed to achieve the desired outcome.The range of reforms introduced by the Liberals was impressive, but it was not the result of a preconceived programme. Historians often see the reforms as individual solutions to particular social problems, not as a wider radical movement. If they were to have come to power, with a formal programme for poverty relief the reforms may have been more radical and affected a wider section of society.The Government as a whole did not seem to be very committed to welfare reforms, apart from Lloyd George and Churchill. It is argued that the reforms were Lloyd George and Churchills response to what they saw as the challenge from the left. By stealing Labours thunder, they hoped to capture more working class votes. Watts illustrates this Lloyd George and Churchill revealed a certain skill in adapting Liberalism to the challenge of the condition of the people question. In so doing, they retained some middle-class support and made a bid for the loyalty of the working classes. (Watts, 1995) By ensuring that reforms were as mollify as possible, they hoped to retain middle-class support. In other words, if the reforms are seen in terms of party political advantage, far from being radical, the reforms can be described as a conservative response to the radical threat from the left.When comparing the Liberal actions in light of later developments the reforms were not wholly radical and a great deal of key legislation was left undone. The legislati on was hardly revolutionary. The state pension was free but not universal. Only around fractional a million of the oldest, poorest, and most sober elderly people obtained a pension, which was less than a bare subsistence income. (Tanner, 1900)When the Liberals came to power they had no preconceived strategic plan to tackle poverty and indeed right up to the eve of the 1906 General Election Campbell-Bannerman strove to avoid committing the Party to any measures to deal with unemployment, or even old age pensions. (Hay 1975) Policies to tackle social problems once they came to power were introduced piece meal, in response to economic and political circumstances rather than a coherent reform package. The reforms were very limited, confused and didnt always favour the poor. Thus, they fell short of a full-scale attack on poverty. Clarke comments on the Education and Licensing Bills, which had to be scrapped as a result of opposition in the House of Lords. Pearce and Stuart went further stating many national disaster areas remained untouched the problem of slum housing for example was not tackled. (Pearce and Stewart, 1992)However, many of the Liberal reforms introduced provided the foundations for a Welfare State and coat the way for subsequent social reform. There was a fundamental shift in social attitudes to poverty and welfare as they convinced people that governments should help the poor and needy. This was a significant achievement for the Liberal Administration, which should not be underestimated. The policies introduced were also successful in helping to alleviate poverty. The measures to introduce medical inspections and school meals argues Murray made a significant impact by 1914 over 14 million meals per annum were being provided for 158,000 children the 1907 Act did not compel Local Authorities to set up clinics but by 1914 most were providing medical treatment for children. Murray concludes the social reforms of the pre-war Liberal government had no opportunity to make a major dent in the extreme poverty before the Great War, but there is some evidence to suggest they began to make a difference in the longer term. (Murray, 1999)In conclusion, the nature and success of the Liberal reforms has been the subject of keen historical debate and almost extraordinary scrutiny, resulting in many conflicting views. It cannot be denied there was scope for more radical reform. However, when taking in to account the contemporary, social values and norms, political climate, and the occupation of the state versus individual responsibility this was a bold attempt by the Liberal Administration to introduce radical reform. Such reforms helped to alleviate poverty and paved the way for future reforms, even though the Governments motivation may at times have been based upon expediency and was not always entirely high-principled or purist.1 This and the following statistics were taken from the Natioanl statistics website.2 The Taff Vale judgem ent prevented Unions from picketing and any union could be liable to pay unlimited damages for losses caused by a strike.3 Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, undertook major investigations into the extent and causes of poverty in British cities. They discovered that up to 30% of the population of the cities were living in or below poverty levels and the conditions were such that people could not pull themselves out of poverty by their own actions alone. Booth and Rowntree both identified the main causes of poverty as being illness, unemployment and old age.4 Charles Booth published, action and Labour of People in London in 1889 and Seeboh Rowntree published, Poverty A say of Town Life in 1901.5 The Boer War was an attempt by the British to re-impose its control over Southern Africa, and when Britain put pressure on the Boers they had little option other than to fight. The British public expected the war to be over in a few weeks as the Boers were inexperienced and badly equipped . However the defeat of 50,000 Boers took 450,00 British troops and before the end, it cost 22,000 lives and well over 200,000,000 of money.6 The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC).BibliographyFrom George III to George VI A brief history of Britain from 1760 to 1952 (S. Reed Brett)An illustrated history of modern Britain 1783 1964 (Denis Richards and J.W. Hunt)The origins of the Liberal Welfare reforms 1906-1914 (J.R Hay)Heinemann Advanced History Poverty and Public Health 1815-1948 (Rosemary Rees)Access to History Britain 1895-1918 (Mike Byrne)Life and Labour of People in London (Charles Booth 1889)Poverty A study of town life (Seebohm Rowntree 1901)www.LearningCurve.gov.ukwww.nationalachieves.gov.ukhttp//www.nedrichards.com/docs/libsocref.pdfwww.lednum.wordpress.com/2006/09/07/the-liberal-reforms-of-1906-1914/www.liberalhistory.org.ukwww.en.wikipedia.orgwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.ukwww.politics.co.ukwww.statistics.gov.uk

What Are the Qualities That an Ideal Person Should Cultivate, Possess Essay Example for Free

What Are the Qualities That an Ideal Person Should Cultivate, Possess Essay1. Introduction In this paper, I will reason what qualities should be cultivated, possessed, and dod for an ideal person according to Confucius. Although Confucius regards humanness, wisdom, and courage as the fundamental threefold towards being a junzi (superior man/ideal person, ), there has been an on-going disagreement among scholars regarding the qualities that argon needed to rifle an ideal person or a junzi.I shall accomplish my purpose by first providing a basic primer of randomness on the topic, so identifying two conflicting interpretations of the qualities that are required by Hosung Ahn and Ha Poong Kim, adding my own critical response, and lastly offering my settlement using Antonio S. Cuas interpretation on the topic. I will use Confucian analects (1895) by James Legge as my primary source, along with Junzi as a Tragic Person A Self Psychological Interpretation of the Analects (Ah n, 2008), Confuciuss aesthetical Concept of Noble Man Beyond Moralism (Ha, 2006), and Virtues of Junzi (Cua, 2007) as my secondary sources.2. Background Information According to Chinese tradition, Confucius is one of the most stunnedstanding thinker, political figure, educator, philosopher, and the fo chthonian of the Ru (? ) School of Chinese thought. Our textbook The east Paths to Philosophic Self-Enlightenment An introduction to Eastern Philosophies (2002) written by Professor Phan points issue that Confuciuss thoughts are preserved in the Lunyu ( ) or the Analects, which is one of the Four Books. It is price noning that the Analects was non written by Master Kong Zi (Confucius, ) himself, but complied by his close disciples when they recollected his sayings after Confuciuss death. Defined by Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Confuciuss article of faiths cook the foundation on most of subsequent Chinese speculation on the education and comportment of the junzi ( ), and how such an individual should live his life history, interact with others, and the types of society and regimen in which he should participate. On one hand, in 1420, the Master said, The way of the superior man is threefold, but I am not have-to doe with to it.Virtuous, he is free from anxieties wise, he is free from perplexities bold he is free from fear. While on the other hand, scholars have attempted to interpret the qualities of junzi differently. In the coterminous section, I shall examine the conflicting interpretations of Ahn and Kim. 3. First Interpretation by Hosung Ahn A. Background on Confucianism and Psychological Connotations of Junzi In Ahns article, he provides historical background information on Confucianism being the most efficient ideological means of medieval and modern authoritarian governments in China and Korea (Ahn, 2008).Yet, Ahn argues that in the course of quoting Weber (1968), Confucianism and Daoism could not be introduced into modern capitalism d ue to their thisworldliness. Ahn depicts Confucianism as one of the major hindrances in the road toward modernization and industrialization and considers Confucius as a stubborn and nonprogressive moralist whose good codes were oppressive. By introducing Heinz Kohut, an Austrian-born American psychoanalyst, Ahn compares Kohutian psychoanalysis such as self-psychology with Confucianisms ideal person in the Analects.Ahn provides the basic background information in the purpose of identifying Confucianism as being neither sophisticated nor systematized yet, Ahn suggests that the Analects could be interpreted as a pre-psychoanalytic self-psychology owing to the abundant self psychological insights in the Analects. Ahn consequently defines junzi as a prince literally and a gentleman ordinarily, and that in Confucianism, a junzi is a noble person who attempts to actualize Confucian cardinal virtues in concrete human relationships at any cost.A junzi has often been considered a conformi st or a conservative (Ahn, 2008). Furthermore, Ahn states that Confucianism being established as an ethical and political orthodoxy in Korea was a rigid and authoritarian formalistic, and of which courtesy, rituals, and humanity were the fundamental standards of being a junzi (see Shun 2002). B. Ahns Thesis In this article, Ahn (2008) specifically points out that a junzi is a tragic person in the Kohutian sense. Like a tragic person, a junzi follows his or her ideals with values deeply anchored in oneself even at the expense of ones death. Ahn thinks the most important standards of being a junzi are courtesy and rituals he states that, Confucius himself severely criticizes the externalized beauty and grandeur without the internalized quality of font (Ahn, 2008). Most importantly, Ahn addresses that the core characteristic of the Kohutian tragic person is almost identically expressed in the Analects humanity (ren, ? ), which is the ultimate virtue of Confucianism and that a junzi wo uld kind of die than giving up his or her ideals and values which Ahn refers to as strikingly similar to Kohuts definition of a tragic person.In terms of Ahns arguments for supporting his claim, he brings out the topic of xiaoren (small man, ) and defines it as those whose ideals and values are superficially situated on the psyche as compared to junzi in the Analects (Ahn, 2008). Ahn then identifies the difference between a xiaoren and a junzi employing Confuciuss saying, The gentleman (junzi) is conversant with righteousness the small man (xiaoren) is conversant with profit (Analects, 4. 16). Ahn points out that because a xiaoren condense on what is beneficial to him or her only, he or she cannot but be vulnerable to the external vicissitudes.Similarly, according to Kohut, a xiaoren would quickly and opportunistically ad effective his or her convictions under the influence of external pressures (cited in Ahn, 2008) whereas a junzi is determined to adhere to the good (Way) until death (Analects, 8. 13). Ahn then considers this determination as courage, and he quotes Kohut (1985) that The culminate peace (in his death) achieved by the hero isthe ultimate ascendancy of a firm and life-affirming self (p. 27).Ahn hike up proves that Confucius has expressed the same idea through If a man in the good morning hears the right way, he may die in the evening without regret (Analects, 4. 8). Thus, Hosung Ahn summarizes that a junzi, according to Confucius, is a person who searches for the achievement of a psychological entailment at all costs (Ahn, 2008). In other articles, Hosung Ahn interprets that Confucius thinks the quality an ideal person should cultivate, possess, and recitation is the spirit of achieving a psychological synthesis or preserving his or her ideals and values at all costs. 4.Second Interpretation by Ha Poong Kim A. Background on Aesthetic Concept of a Noble Man In Kims article, he provides historical background information of the Analects bei ng narrowly and moralistically interpreted. Kim points out that Confuciuss remarks such as from the Book of Songs and Music are commonly given an ethical meaning owing to the tradition of Confuciuss key term ren (humanness, ? ) as being an ethical term. Through offering a historical basis as a foundation, Kim attempts to broaden Confuciuss humanistic interpretation of ren as humanness or the human spirit.In details, Kim (2006) addresses that while the word ren only seldom occurs in the pre-Confucian literature, it is used in works such as the Songs and the (Book of) History, essentially as a synonym of ren. To demonstrate that Confuciuss teach ren for the first time as the supreme principle of human existence and that Confucius is the discoverer of the human spirit in Chinese civilization, Kim introduces and explains other meanings and definitions of ren used in other Confucius or Mencius materials.Also, Ha Poong Kim offers the background information of one-dimensional image of th e Confucian junzi as a rigid moralist, a man whose distinguishing mark is just a fastidious observance of li (rites, ? ) (Kim, 2006). With all the background information and explanation provided by Kim, he expresses the fact that some of Confuciuss sayings in the Analects are purely aesthetic and any attempt to moralistically interpret them distorts their meanings. B. Kims Thesis Kim (2006) agrees with the normativity of Confuciuss concept of ren, yet he argues that the ground of its normativity is fundamentally aesthetic.In supporting his claim, Kim applies Confuciuss teaching Recognize beauty in abiding in ren. If one chooses not to stay in ren, how can one be considered to have attained wisdom? (Analects, 41) Kim interprets this saying as Confucius stressing the recognition of the beauty of ren as a necessary condition of human wisdom, which is equivalent to the ken of the human spirit. Kim defines this recognition as an aesthetic awareness. Then, through applying Confuciuss sa ying To become a junzi Ru (noble scholar, ), not a xiaoren Ru (common scholar, ) (Analects, 611) Kim points out the difference between a junzi and a xiaoren ultimately comes from the noble mans awareness of the beauty of ren, which the small man (xiaoren) lacks. Kim explains that since a junzi has this aesthetic sensitiveness of humanness, he naturally desires, loves, and delights in ren and every manifestation of it. For the purpose of backing up Kims claim, he states Confucius conceives that by assumeing the Songs, one would be opera hat stir uped, which then explains why Confucius repeatedly urges his pupils to study the Songs.Kim argues that Confuciuss teaching is to help the students become a junzi, who is a lover of ren, through arousing humanness that is obtained through the study of music. In this particular main argument, Kim (2006) summarizes that for Confuciuss spiritual awakening, specifically the aesthetic awakening to ren, is the presupposition of the education o f junzi. Without this wakening, the learner or scholar will remain a xiaoren Ru, no matter how well versed he may be in ritual subjects, and regardless of how blameless he may be in his ethical conduct. Next, Kim offers another important argument that during Confuciuss years of wandering from state to state in search of a good ruler, he rarely parted with his lute. Sima Qian, an Ancient Chinese historian, revealed that once, surrounded by two hostile armies, Confucius and his disciples ran out of provisions in the wilderness between the states of Chen and Cai. With some of his disciples fall ill and being unable to get up, Confucius calmly continued singing songs and plucking his lute.Kim regards Confuciuss act as a man capable of forgetting everything else while enjoying music. Thus, in Kims point of view, what fundamentally separates Confuciuss junzi from the rest of humanity is the junzis aesthetic sensibility to ren. In other words, Kim believes that according to Confucius, the quality a junzi should cultivate, possess, and practice is the aesthetic awareness. Nevertheless, Kim mentions that through stressing the junzi as an aesthetic man, he is not denying a junzis many-sidedness. 5. CritiqueI agree with Hosung Ahns claim regarding junzi as a noble person who attempts to actualize Confucian cardinal virtues, and that courtesy, rituals, humanness, and courage are important criterions of becoming a junzi. Moreover, I agree with Ahns claim that a junzi would follow his or her ideals and values deeply anchored in oneself even at the expensed of death. However, I strongly disagree with Ahns opinion of Confuciuss teaching or his naval divisionification of a junzi as a tragic person. In my point of view, Ahn has do an inaccurate interpretation of one Confuciuss saying from the Analects.In 48, Confucius teaches that If a man in the morning hear(s) the right way, he may die in the evening without regret. Ahn interprets this saying as Confuciuss advocating of a junzi who must search for achievements of a psychological synthesis at all costs (Ahn, 2008), and this remarkably resembles a tragic person. As the exercise we conducted in our philosophy class on textual hermeneutics of the Confucian Dao in the Analects, this Confuciuss saying represents the importance of the Dao (way, ?) which according to Confucius, with the experience of hearing the Dao, one could die without regrets afterwards. Thus, this person or this junzi would be a happy person since he contains the very important factor Dao, and that he is absolutely not a tragic person as Hosung Ahn considers as. In terms of Ha Poong Kims interpretation of a junzi, I agree with Kim regarding the fact that Confucius repeatedly urges his disciples to study the Songs and Music because it would indeed help his pupils awaken and broaden their minds, enjoy the six arts, and commit to the Dao.I also agree with Kim that a junzi is many-sidedness. What I do not agree with Kim is his differentia tion of a junzi and a xiaoren through aesthetic awareness. As I mentioned above, Kim (2006) summarizes in this particular main argument that without this wakening, the learning or scholar will remain a xiaoren Ru, no matter how well versed he may be in ritual subjects, and no matter how blameless he may be in his ethical conduct. In my opinion, apart from pointing out Confucius advocates his pupils to study the Songs and Music, Kim has not given sufficient evidence to support this claim.He has not shown any Confuciuss teaching that could demonstrate the fundamental difference between a xiaorens and a junzis aesthetic awareness, but rather Kim provides claims simply from his own exploration of Confuciuss thoughts. To further prove that Kims interpretation is inaccurate, there are numerous examples of junzi lacking of musical talents and xiaoren being extremely talented in aesthetic. In my opinion, Confucius does believe that music could change ones mind, adjust ones mood, smooth one s qi (energy) and etc. , but Confucius certainly does not identify a junzi from a xiaoren based on aesthetics.6. Resolution Inter leechlike and Dependent Virtues of Junzi According to Antonio S. Cua, junzi is a paradigmatic individual who sets the tone and quality of the life of ordinary moral agents, and a junzi is a person who embodies ren (humanness, ? ), yi (righteousness, ? ), li (rites, ?). In addition, unlike Ahn or Kim, Cua recognizes that except the basic, interdependent, and cardinal virtues of ren, yi, and li, a junzi also involves particular dependent virtues such as filiality (xiao, ? ), magnanimity (kuan, ? ), trustworthiness (xin, ? ), and courage (yong, ? ).Cua regards these as dependent virtues in the sense that their ethical significance depends on connection with the basic, interdependent, and cardinal virtues and Antonio S. Cua further stresses that dependent virtues are not subordinate or logical derivatives of the basic virtues. In 1430, the Master said, The wa y of the superior man is threefold, but I am not equal to it. Virtuous, he is free from anxieties wise, he is free from perplexities bold, he is free from fear. As we interpreted in class that according to Confucius, to become a junzi, one must be morally good, intellectually wise, and psychologically brave.In my point of view, I highly agree with Cuas claim and I think although Confucius identifies humanness, wisdom, and courage as the superior mans three core virtues, interdependent virtues and dependent virtues work together to form the junzi. To clarify, Antonio S. Cua borrows Xunzis distinction, a Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States Period and contributed to one of the Hundred Schools of Thought, the cardinal virtues ren, yi, and li are generic terms, and dependent virtues such as xiao, kuan, xin, yong are undertake terms.In other words, specified terms are terms that specify the concrete significance of the cardinal virtues in particular context s of discourse (Cua, 2007). To demonstrate further, in the Analects, we could find fragments of Confuciuss remarks that mention both cardinal virtues and dependent virtues in the same contexts. For example, There were four things which the Master taught letters (wen, ? ), ethics (xing, ? ), devotion of somebody (zhong, ? ), and truthfulness (xin, ? ). Confucius, The Analects, 7. 25And in 1428 we could find Confuciuss teaching of ren, zhi (wisdom, ? ), and yong (courage, ? ) in 319 li and zhong in 134 li, yi, and xin and so on. For heuristic purposes, Cua regards dependent virtues as two different groups supportive and constitutive virtues. Cua explains that the distinction between are that the former are genial or helpful, though not necessary, to the development of the cardinal virtues such as ren, yi, and li whereas the latter, are those that are both supportive and constitutive of the quality of the cardinal virtues actualized (Cua, 2007).Also, depending on the character and tem perament, a constitutive and supportive virtue varies, that is, what is merely a constitutive attribute in one person may be a supportive merit for another. Thus, Cua believes that Confuciuss idea of the junzi is flexible or adaptable, and I highly agree with him. To sum up, in my point of view, according to Confucius, what qualities a junzi should cultivate, possess, and practice is the unity of virtues that consists of ren, yi, and li as the basic cardinal virtues, and combining with other qualities such as xiao, yong, zhong, xin, kuan, etc.Depending on each different person and situation, the mathematical function of the virtues of junzi is in the distinction between basic, cardinal, interdependent and dependent, supportive and constitutive virtues, which may be referred to the way of the superior man is unityfold. 7. Conclusion On this paper, I provided background information of the topic I discussed and dissected two interpretations made by Hosung Ahn and Ha Poong Kim. In res ponse to Ahns and Kims argument, I have made a personal critique that a junzi is not a tragic person and that a junzi is not required to possess aesthetic awareness.I then offered my resolution along with employing Antonio S. Cuas interpretation of this topic. In short, by presenting a map of junzis virtues that consists of both interdependent and dependent virtues it reveals that the Confuciuss conception of junzi is a unity of virtues with flexibility. Works Cited Ahn, Hosung. Junzi as a Tragic Person A Self Psychological Interpretation of the Analects. Pastoral Psychology, 57. 1/2 (2008) 101. Academic essay Premier. EBSCO. Web. 1 Apr. 2012.Confucius (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University, 3 July 2002. Web. 1 May 2012. Cua, Antonio. Virtues of Junzi. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 34 (2007) 125. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Mar. 2012 Kim, Ha Poong. Confuciuss Aesthetic Concept of Noble Man Beyond Moralism. Asian Philosophy, 16. 2 (2006) 111. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Mar. 2012 Kohut, H (1985). Self psychology and the science of man.In humanities and self psychology Reflections on a new psychoanalytic approach (pp. 73-94). New York Norton. Legge, James. Confucian Analects. In Vol. I of Chinese Classics. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1895. Print. Phan, Cha? nh Co? ng. The Eastern paths to philosophical self-enlightenment an introduction to Eastern philosophies. Dubuque, Iowa Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. , 2002. Print. Shun, K. -L. (2002). Ren ? and li ? in the Analects. In B. W. Van Norden (Ed. ), Confucius and the Analects New essays (pp.53-72). New York Oxford University Press. Weber, M. (1968).The religion of China (H. Gerth, Trans. ). New York Free Press. 2 . The numbering of the book/chapter of a passage from the Analects follows James Legges in his translation of the text (1895). 3 . The cited phrase comes from The religion of China by Weber, M. 4 . Ren ? and li ? in the Analect. Confucius and the Analects written by K. Shun, as cited in Hosung Ahns article.

A Literature Review Regarding Virus Protection

A Literature Review Regarding Virus bulwarkAlthough most of the people hark back that there is nothing to do a research in the argona of information processing system reckoner virus defendion, there ar more and more things to research as everyday more than 200 ready reckoner malw ar argon created by the virus creators. In the modern world most of the people are using reckoners in their day-to-day activities. So it is more important to have knowledge of reckoner viruses and encourage the computing machines from those viruses. pay backsloppypar windupsloppyparIdentifying what the information processing system viruses are, their types, the threat to the figurer from electronic computer viruses, the give way neverthelesst of computer viruses and prevention mechanisms from the computer viruses are the objectives of this literature review.endabstractsectionIntroductionAs the usage of the computers and creation of computer viruses are increasing all oer the world, ev ery computer exploiter began to search about the computer viruses. But there are some other various kinds of packet package package like worms and Trojans that toilette do around harm to the activities of the computer other than the viruses. Although they are different from computer viruses, the computer users are used to call those other types of cattish bundle package viruses.beginsloppyparendsloppyparThough there is no any real definition for the computer viruses, they can be considered as superfluous kind of software political platforms that have the cogency of self replicating over execut adequate files reside in the computer and do several(prenominal) interruption to the activities of the computer. As the computer viruses are spreading exactly when the executable files are executing, the viruses can effect only for the executable files in the give computer. So most of the sentence the files with .EXE , .COM , .BAT , .SYS extensions are infected. A computer vi rus can be written with a few lines of programming cyphers in any programming language. Any person who has a personal computer can write a computer virus and send it to another computer or system far away from the computer which produced the virus through a ne bothrk or any disk. These viruses can destroy any massive computer system or network considerably within few seconds.beginsloppyparendsloppypar electronic computer viruses which do less harm to the computers are only spreading over the computers and computer networks. They do not do any dangerous harm to the computers other than simply replicating them in the system. The most dangerous type of viruses effect to the computers by changing the content of the files, partly of completely deleting the files reside in the computer. The data stored in the computer can be lost by infecting these kinds of computer viruses. These types of computer viruses cannot be catch by examining the files in the computer. But only the destructio n they have done to the computer testament remain. So capturing these viruses is the more difficult thing.beginsloppyparendsloppyparPreventing or protecting from computer viruses not only mean installing an anti virus program and scan the files by getting use of the anti virus program but also alertness of the computer viruses or malicious software and practicing best practices when using a computer. But most of the time most of the computer users trust various anti virus programs to protect their systems against computer viruses. Various anti virus programs use various methods or procedures to capture viruses and other types of malicious software. But with any of the computer protection method, they cannot fully protect the computer from computer viruses or malicious software. The next session of this review is considered about what are the types of Malware and how they infected to computer system. key out1 parvenuepagesectionTypes of malwareThere is no standard method to catego rize viruses into various types. But when we consider current situation of computer viruses in the world we can basically declare types of malware as follows,begin full pointise situation Trojanitem Wormsitem VirusesendretellsubsectionTrojanTrojan viruses do not reproduce in the computer but after a Trojan virus enters into the computer they just allow the outside persons to read the files reside in the computer. Usually Trojans steal passwords and send e-mails to hackers. Then the hacker will get the dominate of the users account. cite2subsectionWormsWorms are kind of computer viruses copy and spread over the computer networks. It does not need a host to spread. Once they multiplied in a computer, the copied viruses scan the network for further multiplying and spreading via the network.cite2subsectionVirusesComputer viruses are a program, a block of executable code which attaches itself to. It overwrites or replaces some(a) code of computer program without knowing of computer use r. A virus always needs a host program to reside. The virus is in its idle state till the host program it resides executes. When the host program executes the bock of code of the virus also executes and searches for another location which it can infect. The computer viruses can be categorized into number of categories like Resident Viruses, Direct Action Viruses, Overwrite Viruses, Boot Viruses, Macro Viruses, Directory Viruses, Polymorphic Viruses, File Infectors, Companion Viruses, plank Viruses. cite2begin numerateitem Resident Viruses Permanent viruses reside in the RAMitem Direct Action Viruses This type of virus spreads and does its work when it is executing.item Overwrite Viruses These viruses delete the content of the files reside in the computer.item Boot Viruses This kind of virus infects to a boot sector of the unwaveringly drive or floppy. A boot virus can be infected to the boot sector of the computer by booting the computer from an infected floppy disk.item Dire ctory Viruses These viruses change the path of a file.item Polymorphic Viruses These are encrypting their own code with different algorithms every time they enter into a system.item File Infectors Infect programs or executable files. They infect to a file when the program attached to it executes.item Companion Viruses These are working like resident physician viruses or direct work on viruses.item FAT Viruses These infect to the file allocation table.item Macro Viruses This kind of virus infects to the files that have created using programs that check over macros. Currently most of the times they are affecting to Word 6, WordBasic and Excel as macros are created by WordBasic. In the present situation of the computer viruses, 15 percent of the viruses are macro viruses. On daily basis macro viruses are created by the computer users in their machines. New macro viruses are creating overdue to corruption, mating and conversion. Macro viruses are the most destructive kind of a virus. approximately of the traditional anti virus programs are unable to detect those raw macro viruses. cite2enditemizenewpagesectionHow Viruses affect and infect to the systembeginfigurehparincludegraphicsbb =0 0 snow 325 virus.pngcaptionMalware Detected by Year cite10parendfigureIf the virus generation speed is greater than its death rate, a virus can easily spread within a short period of time. Figure1 images how Malware spread with time. All the computer viruses do not activate at the time they enter into the computer. But sometimes they activate after some period of entering it into the personal computer or computer system. Some of them will never activate and some will activate and do harm to the files in the system or change the content of the files, format the hard disk, show a picture in the background.beginsloppyparendsloppyparThere are lots of ways which a virus can enter into a computer. Most of the time, they spread and enter into a new computer through a compute r network. With a removable media, it is possible to spread a virus. By downloading some games or software through a weather vane site, a virus can enter into a new system. In the past there was a guarantee that the web sites do not take on viruses. But in the present situation, there is no guarantee that the web sites do not contain viruses.beginsloppyparendsloppyparTrapdoor is another common way of entering a virus into a system. Trapdoors are sometimes created by the programmers who developed the software to fend off going through the security procedure or avoid entering passwords during the period of time the system or software is developed. As a trapdoor is a way to enter into a system without entering a password, a virus can easily enter into a system through a trapdoor.beginsloppyparendsloppyparIf have the attention to the new computer viruses, the code of some newly created computer viruses are encrypted so that the anti virus software cannot catch them. cite3sectionProte ction from computer virusesTo spread a virus from one computer to another, it should have the permission or ability to execute its code and do some modifications or completely delete the files other than the file the virus currently residing. According to those facts, protection from computer viruses mode prevent the computer virus from copying it self to another location, the computer virus does not contain or avoid modifying or deleting the other files the computer virus does not reside.beginsloppyparendsloppyparIf the content of a file has modified or edited without knowledge of the user, the user can suspect that a virus has been infected to the computer. Other than that when a virus has attacked a system, sometimes the performance of the computer can be reduced, various error messages are displayed or use some storage space from disk drives unexpectedly.beginsloppyparendsloppyparWorms normally rise addresses to spread and they capture the addresses in three ways. Wormsbeginit emizeitem Randomly generate addressesitem Find addresses in system tablesitem Find addresses in a programenditemizeProtection against worms can include,beginitemizeitem Put passwords that cannot easily guess.item Remove some processes which reveal the secured data in the system.item Apply some solutions to the bugs.enditemizeAs worms are rapidly spread over networks and they are trying to overload the networks, protecting from worms include monitoring network activities and do isolation and deactivation of some parts of the network.beginsloppyparendsloppyparWhen it comes to protecting computers from viruses, the simplest things the user can do is always backup the data reside in the computer. But it is not a proper solution to deal with the computer viruses. As most of the computer users are now aware of the computer viruses they control write privilege to computer programs. aft(prenominal) infecting a virus to a program since it changes the content of the file, there are some kind of software that can be used to check the content for irregular changes in its content. cite4,12sectionAnti virus software programsWhen protecting a computer from computer viruses with the help of an anti virus program, the service providers of those anti virus programs are providing their service to its clients in number of different ways. Some of the vendors or anti virus software are waiting for a request from a user for their product. After the client or the user requests, the service provider provides their service to the user. another(prenominal) kind of anti virus vendor automatically downloads and installs their product into clients machine without the knowledge of the user. Some of the vendors are sending emails to the computer users mentioning the availability of their product. However some of those above mentioned ways have some ethically not relevant procedures.beginsloppyparendsloppyparThough thousands of anti virus programs, designed by programmers are there to detect computer viruses, they cannot play a perfect role in detecting computer viruses. More viruses are written for a new platform is the reason for that. To detect those new viruses, new detection technologies should be invented. There are number of computer virus detection methods.beginsloppyparendsloppyparOver some years ago, only the cognise viruses could be detected by anti virus programs. What those anti virus programs did were, selecting a string from know viruses and when a scan for viruses is started, anti virus program searches for files include that string and detect that file as an infected file. This method of detecting computer viruses looked only for static characteristics of known computer viruses. But as thousands of computer viruses are creating within a year, the industry people started to create anti virus programs that are detecting unknown computer viruses too. These methods are called heuristic method.beginsloppyparendsloppyparAs computer virus infection has becom e a huge threats to who owns a computer and who uses computers. Most of the computer users are today getting the service of an anti virus program to detect malicious software or computer viruses. acquiring use of an anti virus software is the most secured and popular way to protect the computers from malicious software. Anti virus programs identify the malicious software in two main approaches.beginitemizeitem They use a string matching approach to identify previously known viruses or malicious software.item The second method the anti virus programs use is capturing abnormal behaviors of any computer program running on the computer.enditemizebeginsloppyparendsloppyparIn string matching approach, the anti virus programs are getting use of a virus dictionary which contains the codes of previously known viruses. When an anti virus program starts to scan a file it refers to the virus dictionary and when it finds a block of code in the scanned file which also include in the virus diction ary, it quickly takes an action against the funny file. cite5beginsloppyparendsloppyparIf an anti virus program uses capturing abnormal or suspicious behaviors, it monitors the behavior of the file which is scanning and if the file behaves abnormally the anti virus program detect the file as infected file an take an action against that. By using this method, the new viruses can also be detected. cite5subsectionThe problem in virus dictionary methodAs virus creators are now aware of virus detection methods, they are now writing the viruses so that the codes of the virus as encrypted codes when it is in a program. otherwise they write the virus programs so that the code of itself doesnt look same as the real code of it. Because of those two reasons, the anti virus program cannot detect the infected file by matching the strings using the virus dictionary. The other problem of this method is it cannot detect a new virus which doesnt contain in the virus dictionary.subsectionThe proble ms of detecting a virus by its behaviorAs this method is searching for a suspicious behavior of the file that is world scanning, a files that shows abnormal behavior which has not been attacked by a virus or malicious software can also be detected as an infected file by the anti virus program. If the user gets an action against that file sometimes that non infected file can also be deleted. So modern anti virus programs do not use this approach to detect a virus.There are some fake anti virus software which do not clean or protect the computers. These fake anti virus software come with names which are similar to other real anti virus software. When a user sees such a fake anti virus software the user feels that this ant virus software is a real one and then he install than fake anti virus software into the computer. After installing that fake one in the computer, it displays fake messages saying there are some viruses in the computer and to transport it from the computer pay some amount of money. As these kinds of fake anti virus software are there with only the aim of earning money, the computer users must aware of that kind of fake anti virus software too.beginsloppyparendsloppyparAlthough there are so many anti virus software to detect computer viruses, the latest computer viruses cannot easily be caught by even the latest anti virus software programs as the code of virus is encrypted. What the virus creators do to hide the source code of the virus is encrypting the code of the virus and sends it to the computers. So the anti virus software cannot easily understand the code and they cannot catch that file as a suspicious file. Some virus creators encrypt the code and keep the key to decrypt in another file to make it more difficult for the anti virus software to find the virus. But adept anti virus software, which have used good algorithms, should be able to detect those computer viruses too. cite6,7subsectionMost certain anti virus software cite11begin itemizeitem BitDefender Antivirus 2010 BitDefender is using advanced heuristic detection method and provides protection against online viruses, spyware,phishing scams and more. This provides protection by scanning web, IM and emails and this is capable of encrypting the IM s too. One of the new features BitDefender looking for is Active Virus Control which monitor the behavior of a file continuously. cite13item Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2010 Provides protection from viruses, Trojans, bots, worms and spyware. The interfaces and tools used are advanced but this provides agreat protection against most of the real threats. cite14item Webroot AntiVirus with SpySweeper 2010 This is a screen background anti virus package and protect the computer from viruses,trojans,worms and other number of malware. This catches the malware before the malware does any harm to the computer. cite15item Norton AntiVirus 2010 Uses signature ground protection. However provides a new features like the proactiv e reputation scanning. But uninstalling the software might cause some problems as its partial uninstallation. cite16item ESET Nod32 Antivirus 4 Kind of setting anti virus software. But this doesnt provide a complete security and misses some protection. This is not in the arguing with other anti virus software. cite17item AVG Anti-Virus 9 Includes antivirus and antispyware protection. provides complette protection from harmful downloads and web cites. cite18item F-Secure Anti-Virus 2010 Great desktop anti virus. Has one of the most effective scan procedure and test results are shown to prove that. When installing this anti virus software, it has been automatically configured to remove the other anti virus software installed to the computer. cite19item G DATA AntiVirus 2011 Uses two distinct antivirus scanning engines, behavioral/heuristic protection, and even self-learning fingerprinting.This provides protection against malware spreading via emails and IM. The types of malware which are detected by this anti virus software are,phishing scams, dialers, adware, malicious scripts, Trojans, rootkits and worms. cite20enditemizesectionGetting use of a firewallThe firewall is a kind of a program design to protect the computer from harmful things that are climax from the internet. Firewalls are divided into two categories as hardware firewall and software firewall.beginsloppyparendsloppyparHardware firewalls are some kind of small hardware which can control the data coming from multiple computer systems. Software firewalls are kind of software that have the ability to block suspicious data coming to the computer from the internet. So to protect the computer from viruses and other kind of malicious software a software firewall and hardware firewall can be use. cite5sectionBest practices to protect the computer from computer virusesThough there are thousands of anti virus software are there, the computer users are also having the responsibility of protecting the co mputer when using the computer. They have to follow some best practices when they use a computer.beginitemizeitem Although the computer user is the owner of the computer he should not always log into the computer with the administrator privileges. If they log into the computer as a normal user, some kinds of viruses will not be able to enter into the computer.item A computer user should avoid from installing some anti virus software or some other software in some other persons computer.item As some viruses are coming with email attachments, when opening emails it is good to not to open emails from unknown addresses.item When downloading and installing anti virus software, download a recommended anti virus software.enditemizenewpagesectionConclusionAccording to the researchers, each and everyday over 200 computer viruses which can destroy a whole computer system within a few seconds are released by the computer virus creators. The worst thing that result an inflection is loosing data the reside in the computer.beginsloppyparendsloppyparMost of the time, these kind of destructions happen because of the lack of awareness of the computer users about the computer viruses. To mitigate the risk of infecting a computer virus to a users computer, the main thing we can do is make the computer users aware about the computer viruses, risks of infecting a computer virus and avoiding from computer viruses.beginsloppyparendsloppyparThe people who have an idea about computer viruses most of the time trust anti virus programs. But just installing an anti virus software is not enough to protect the computer from computer viruses. The computer users also have the responsibility to protect the computer from computer viruses. As most of the time the computer viruses can come with the e-mail attachments, the e-mails from unknown addresses should not be opened. When downloading something from a web site the users should use only the trusted web sites and recommended software. But no w there are nothing called trusted web sites. Even the software downloaded from Microsofts web site may contain viruses. Some viruses cannot enter into the computer if the user is logging into the computer with user privilege. So it is good to normally log into the computer with the user privilege.As viruses attack only the executable files, the write permission to those files can be restricted.beginsloppyparendsloppyparAfter installing an anti virus software program in a computer,to get the best protection from that anti virus, keeping it up to date is more important. But though there is an anti virus program installed in the computer, when plugging external removable devices into the computer, it should be scanned.beginsloppyparendsloppyparBut the final end which can come through this review is that though there are many protection methods,that are available in the world, a computer user cannot be completely safe from the computer viruses. That means any of the computer protectio n methods is not perfect in protecting computers from computer malware.newpagebeginthebibliographywidest incomingbibitem1 Markus Hanhisalo,emphcomputer Viruses,Available athttp//www.tml.tkk.fi/Opinnot/Tik-110.501/1997/viruses.html 1.Introduction% 20to% 20Computer% 20Virusesbibitem2 Top Bits,2010, http//www.topbits.com/types-of-computer-viruses.htmlbibitem3 McAfee,emphAn Introduction to Computer Viruses and other Destructive Programs,Available at http//www.mcafee.com/common/media/vil/pdf/av_white.pdfbibitem4 Stanley A. Kurzban, emphDefending against viruses and worms,Available athttp//portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=68697bibitem5 emphHow AntiVirus Works,Available athttp//www.antivirusware.com/articles/how-anti-virus-works.htmbibitem6 emphHow does anti-virus software work?,Available athttp//www.antivirusworld.com/articles/antivirus.phpbibitem7 emphHow Antivirus Software Detect Computer Viruses,Available athttp//security-antivirus-software.suite101.com/article.cfm/how-antivirus-softwar e-detebibitem8 emphWhat Is A Computer Virus? An Introduction To Computer Viruses,Available athttp//www.computertipsfree.com/computer-tips/security-tips/what-is-a-computer-virus-an-introduction-to-computer-viruses/bibitem9 http//www.washington.edu/itconnect/security/tools/bibitem10 Tech Bitz, http//tech-bitz.com/2008/04/05/virus-and-spyware-threat-is-larger-than-ever-before-anti-virus-companies-struggle-to-keep-up-with-flood-of-spyware/bibitem11 emphAntiVirus Software Review ,http//anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/bibitem12 Charles P. Pfleeger,Shari Lawrence Pfleeger emphSecurity in deliberation (4th Edition) bibitem13 emphBitDefender AntiVirus Review ,http//anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/bitdefender-review.htmlbibitem14 emphKaspersky Anti-Virus 2010 ,http//anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/kaspersky-review.htmlbibitem15 emphWebroot AntiVirus with SpySweeper Review ,http//anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/webroot-antivirus-review.htmlb ibitem16 emphNorton AntiVirus 2010 ,http//anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/norton-review.htmlbibitem17 emphTrend Micro AntiVirus + AntiSpyware ,http//anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/pc-cillin-review.htmlbibitem18 emphAVG Anti-Virus 9 ,http//anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/avg-review.htmlbibitem19 emphF-Secure Anti-Virus Review ,http//anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/f-secure-review.htmlbibitem20 emphG DATA AntiVirus 2011 ,http//anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/antiviruskit-review.htmlendthebibliographyenddocument

Biosynthesis of Nanocomposites Using Leaf Extract

Biosynthesis of Nanocomposites Using Leaf ExtractABSTRACTVarious nanoparticles and nanocomposites have been synthesized development thumb plagiarize and evaluated for their anti bacteriuml activity. This review intends to present biogenesis of nanocomposites using leaf extract. Here, I have discussed biosynthesis methods of polymer nanocomposites using leaf extract. The potential of nanotechnology and biologic information together is enormous. There are many potential antibacterial applications of nanocomposites such(prenominal) as in antimicrobial textiles, food preservation, surface disinfection, burn fertilisations, refuge cosmetics, medical checkup devices, drug carriers, dental fillers and adhesives, water treatment etc. In recent years nanocomposite impressions have been studied for wound dressing. I have discussed a bionanocomposite mental picture and hydrogel that have application in wound dressing.CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 NanotechnologyNanotechnology is a branch o f science and technology that deals with matter of size 1-100nm. Since then there has been parcel out of advancement in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has applications in almost every field such as electronics, medicine, biomaterials, energy production etc. When a macroscopic material changes to nanomaterials, properties such as electrical, mechanical, optical, catalytic, medicinal, biological etc change. Gold which does not react with other chemicals easily at normal scale leafs acts as a good catalyst when converted to nanoscale.1.2 Nanoscale materialsNanoscale materials hold materials which posses at least one dimension in the nanometer range i.e. 1-100nm. The key characteristics defining the potential applications of nanoscale materials include the followingHigher surface knowledge domainHigher chemical reactivityBetter catalytic propertiesBetter adsorptionVariety of chemical synthesis routes.Natural and synthetic strategies1.3 NanocompositesNanocomposites are materials made from two or more individual components with properties different from each other, which when combined produce a material with properties completely different from the individual materials. A nanocomposite consists of two or more phases where one phase is monolithic (single crystal) into which the reinforcement are ingraft. The monolithic material is known as a matrix. Reinforcement, in a nanocomposite is a nanosized materials embedded into the parent material called matrix. Nanocomposites are broadly classified into three typesa) ceramic-matrix nanocompositesb) metal-matrix nanocompositesc) polymer-matrix nanocompositesd) inter metallic matrix nanocomposites.CHAPTER 2BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOCOMPOSITE USING LEAF EXTRACTNanoparticles are being used in many sectors of the economy and it is important to consider the biological and environmental safe and soundty of their production. The main methods for nanoparticle synthesis are chemical and bodily risees and these approaches are oft en expensive and potentially harmful to the environment. Green synthesis approach has been pursued in recent years as an alternative, inexpensive, efficient, and environmentally safe method for synthesizing nanoparticles with specific properties. The main focus is on the role of the natural plant (leaf) extracts involved in the bioreduction and capping of metal salts during the nanocomposite synthesis. Many researchers have reported the biosynthesis of nanoparticles by leaf extracts and their potential applications in various fields.2.1 Commonly used leaf extracts for synthesis of nanocompositesbinominal name Murraya koenigiiCommon wee-wee Curry tree diagramFamily Name RutaceaeDescription Curry tree is native to India and Sri Lanka. The leaves ofMurraya koenigiiare used as anherbinAyurvedic medicine because of its antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti- hypercholesterolemic properties. Curry leaves recently been found to be as a potent antioxidant due to high concentrations of carbazoles, a water soluble heterocyclic compound. Carbazoles found in leaf extract may be responsible for the reduction and stabilization of metal ions. Further research is necessary to explain and extend the reduction mechanism of Murraya koenigii leaf extract for further application.Binomial Name Tridax procumbensCommon Name Coat buttons or Tridax DaisyFamily Name AsteraceaeDescription Tridax procumbens is a widespread weed and pest plant native to America. The plant has various medicinal properties. Tridax procumbens is load up in alkaloids, flavanoids, carotenoids and tannins. It is used in nanoparticle synthesis as it has high amounts of ketones, amines, phenols, lactones and alkanes which are capable of reducing metal ions.Binomial Name Ficus benghalensisCommon Name Banyan TreeFamily MoraceaeDescription Banyan tree is a deciduous tree found throughout the woodwind instrument tract of India, in sub-Himalayan region. Ficus benghalensis is widely use d for its medicinal properties. Ficus benghalensis leaf extract has proteins/enzymes which reduce the metal ions and it also contains reducing sugars such as flavanones which provide stability to the nanoparticles.Binomial Name Calotropis giganteanCommon Name Crown FlowerFamily Name ApocynaceaeDescription Calotropis gigantean is a large shrub rich in metabolites responsible for reduction metal ions. Organic compounds like alkaloids, polyphenols, and proteins present in plant extracts are capable of reducing and capping nanoparticles.Binomial Name genus Catharanthus roseusCommon Name Mada gasolenecar periwinkleFamily Name ApocynaceaeDescription Catharanthus roseus is a medicinal subshurb. Catharanthus roseus contains more than 70 alkaloids.2.3 Nanocomposites synthesized using leaf extractA broad spectrum of leaf extracts can be utilized for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. In this section I have briefly discussed synthesis of two polymer-matrix nanocomposites using leaf extract. In both the examples, reinforcement is fluent nanoparticle and the matrix of the nanocomposite is a polymer.2.3.1 Ag impregnated Microcrystalline Cellulose Bionanocomposite film smooth nanoparticles are impregnated into microcrystalline cellulose to form a nanocomposite. Curry leaf extract is used for the bioreduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. First 0.001M silver nitrate solution is prepared in 1000 mL of deionised water. 10 g of microcrystalline cellulose is added to the silver nitrate solution and sonicated for 10 proceeding. 50 mL of curry leaf broth is added to the mixed bag and the mixture is stirred for 6 hours. silverish ions are reduced to silver by curry leaf extract. Reduced silver nucleates in to the silver nanoparticles on the microcrystalline fibrils. After 6 hours the mixture is allowed to settle down and excess reaction mixture is decanted. The silver nanoparticles impregnated microcrystalline cellulose is washed with deionized water and ethanol and then dried-out in oven at 55C over night.The formation of silver nanoparticles is confirmed by UV-vis spectra as the peak is observed at 430 nm. The colour of microcrystalline cellulose is white and after intensity of silver on it, it changes to yellowish brown.0.5 g of polylactic acid is dissolved in 20 mL of chloroform with moderate heating and constant stirring for 30 minutes. The dried silver nanoparticle coated microcrystalline powder is added in 5%, 10% and 20% w/w concentration to separate samples. The polylactic acid is stirred with silver impregnated microcrystalline cellulose for a day to allow for dispersion. The mixture is poured to glass Petri dish and left to evaporate. When the chloroform evaporates, the plastic film is finish upd and collected from Petri dish. Silver impregnated microcrystalline bionanocomposite film is obtained. 62.3.2 Silver/Starch-co-polyacrylamide hydrogel nanocompositeGelatinized starch solution is prepared by mixing a known amount of starch powd er in 10 mL of deionized water and 1 mL of 0.5 mL of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture is heated at 90C for 10 minutes in a water bath with continuous stirring. A predetermined amount of maleic acid is then added to the gelatinized starch solution. The mixture of gelatinized starch and maleic acid is further heated at 80C in a water bath for 4 hours. Then acrylamide is added and stirred for 30 minutes at 50C. After that initiator (potassium persulfate or KPS) and crosslinker (methylenebisacrylamide or MBA) is added. Finally, an aqueous solution of tetramethylenediamide (TEMED) is added to the solution and for another 10 minutes same temperature is maintained. The synthesized co-polymeric hydrogel is taken out after the fulfilment of free radical polymerization. Then the synthesized co-polymeric hydrogel is immersed in double distilled water at room temperature for a day to remove excess of unreacted reagents and monomers present in hydrogel network. To remove the residue effectively the double distilled water is refreshed for every 12 hours. At last the hydrogel is dried at ambient temperature for 48 hours.Precisely weighed dried starch-co-polyacrylamide hydrogel is equilibrated with double distilled water for 48 hours and instantly transferred to a beaker containing 100 mL of 0.005 M silver nitrate solution and then equilibrated for 24 hours. During this process the silver ions are exchanged from solution into free network spaces of co-polymeric hydrogel. To a beaker containing 50 ml Tridax procumbens leaf extract, hydrogel with absorbed silver ions is added and kept for 24 hours. Reduction of silver ions into silver nanoparticles occurs and hydrogel turns into brown colour. The brown colour confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles in hydrogel matrix. 7CHAPTER 3ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF NANOCOMPOSITES SYNTHESIZED USING LEAF EXTRACTDue to the come up concerns of bacterial infections, there is a growing need to develop new and powerful antiba cterial agents. Mainly, nanoparticles have been applied in burn dressings, cosmetics, food preservation, medical devices, water treatment etc. There is a wide bioapplication of nanoparticles. It has been recognized that the bactericidal effect of nanoparticles is dependent on their size, size distribution, shape, morphology, surface functionalization, and their stability. Additionally, the use of inorganic nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents has numerous benefits such as enhanced stability and safety in contrast with the organic antimicrobial agents. Green synthesis and functionalization of nanoparticles enhances their antibacterial activity and improves their stability.In this section antibacterial activity of silver/polymer film and hydrogel is discussed. So the antibacterial activity of nanocomposites is enhanced.3.1 Antibacterial activity of Ag impregnated Microcrystalline Cellulose Bionanocomposite filmThe PLA/MCC sample was tested for antimicrobial activity using Charm disk assay. Firstly an agar plate was seeded with Bacillus stearothermophilus. Then small flier pieces of the films were placed on the seeded agar and incubated. Indicators are present in agar which signifies the status of microbial growth. Yellow colour indicates the microbial growth and empurpled indicates the inhibition. The initial analysis shows that the film exhibits considerable antibacterial properties. 63.2 Antibacterial activity of Silver/Starch-co-polyacrylamide hydrogel nanocompositeThe antibacterial activity of SNCH was evaluated by disc diffusion technique against Gram-positive and negative bacteria such as Bacillus and Escherichia coli. Firstly, nutrient agar medium was prepared by mixing beef extract (3 g), peptone (5 g) and sodium chloride (5 g) in 1000 mL distilled water. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7. Finally agar (15 g) was added to the prepared solution and then medium was sterilized in an autoclave at a pressure of 15 lbs for 30 minutes at 121C. This med ium was then transferred into a sterilized glass Petri dish in a laminal air flow chamber. After the media solidified, Escherichia coli and Bacillus culture (50L) was spread on the solid surface of the media. Paper discs (6mm diameter) were soaked in the test compounds (20mg/20mL) overnight. Then these discs were loaded on culture plates. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37C. The inhibition zone appears around the disc which shows the antibacterial effect of SNCH. 7Pure hydrogels are generally incompetent for antibacterial activity. It is seen that smaller the size of silver nanoparticle greater is the antibacterial activity. .The SNCH having low silver nanoparticles concentration still showed excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bactericide. This results into inhibition of bacterial cell growth. So SNCH nanocomposites can be used as successful antibacterial agents such as wound-dressing materials. 7Modern wound dressing theory, suggest s promoting dynamic equilibrium between exudate absorption and optimal surface moisture at the wound surface. In addition, it should be able to exchange gas to provide the wound with adequate oxygen tension.3.3 Mechanism of antibacterial activity of nanoparticlesAntibacterial activity is a property due to which compounds are capable to crop up or slow down the bacterial growth, without causing toxicity to host cells. Such agents are classified as a) bactericidal, which kill bacteria, 2) bacteriostatic, which slow down the bacterial growth. The exact mechanism of nanoparticle toxicity against various types of bacteria is not completely evaluated yet. It is proposed that nanoparticles attach themselves to bacterial membrane by electrostatic interaction and disrupt its integrity. Nanotoxicity is triggered by the initiation of oxidative stress by free radical formation, i.e. ROS, followed by the administration of nanoparticles. The nanoparticle toxicity depends on composition, intrinsi c properties, surface modification of the bacterial species and the somatic and chemical properties of nanoparticles, indicating the mechanisms to be highly complex.The antibacterial mechanisms of nanomaterials is not fully elucidated, but the existing concept suggests various combinations of processes that can occur (1) ions are released which is followed by cellular uptake and a cascade of intracellular reactions, (2) extracellular and intracellular generation of ROS and (3) direct interactions between nanoparticles and cell membrane. At sub-micromolar concentrations, ions are internalized and they react with the thiol groups of cellular proteins, which call for to uncoupling of ATP synthesis from respiration, loss of proton motive force, and interference with the phosphate efflux system. At millimolar levels, nanoparticles induce detachment of the cell wall from the cytoplasm, possibly releasing the intracellular content, DNA condensation and loss of replication ability. ROS pr oduces oxidative stress which results in lipid membrane and DNA damage. Finally, nanoparticles increase the cell membrane permeability and, subsequently, traverse inside cells to induce any one or the entire cascade of effects mentioned above. 9CONCLUSIONThe most important objective of nanobioscience involves application of nanotools to relevant biological and medical problems and refining these applications. The use of microorganisms and plants for synthesis of metal nanoparticles is of great interest. In contrast to chemical and physical synthesis methods, biological processes for synthesizing nanomaterials can be achieved in aqueous phase in gentle and environment friendly conditions. This approach has become attractive focus in current green nanotechnology. With the help of this approach we can synthesize nanomaterials in less toxic way as it replaces toxic chemical reducing and capping agents. Inorganic nanoparticles naturally possess bacteria-killing properties, but by modify ing the inorganic nanoparticles i.e. forming nanocomposites, these properties can be enhanced. In the biomedical field, a synthesis of nanocomposite films and hydrogels by a green process was developed to enhance the inactivation of bacteria in wounds. There are also other potential antibacterial applications of nanocomposites such as in antimicrobial textiles, food preservation, surface disinfection, burn dressings, safe cosmetics, medical devices, drug carriers, dental fillers and adhesives, water treatment etc. Further research on nanocomposites capable of antibacterial activity is necessary for large scale commercial application

Individual Scholarly Paper of the Coat of Arms

Individual Scholarly Paper of the Coat of ArmsThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the qualities chosen in our groups Coat of Arms assignment and why these qualities represent Nursing. Knowledge, confabulation, critical thinking, caring, advocacy, and leadership are the qualities being chosen in the Coat of Arms assignment. The components and signs of the Coat of Arms go forth also be explained at the final part of this paperFirst of all, experience is the essential building block of the art of encourage. Knowledge helps a nurse think critically and attain decisions during their practice. There are ii types of knowledge empirical and particular knowledge. A nurse acquires empirical knowledge at school which includes knowledge of anatomy, physiology, path physiology, and epidemiology. empirical knowledge gouge be applied directly to patients. Particular knowledge is unique to each patient situation. For example, if a patient has kidney failure, according to empirical knowl edge a nurse would suggest the patient have a kidney transplant. On the other side, the nurse understands the patients religion makes the patient reluctant to have any organs transplantation, therefore the nurse would establish diametrical nursing interventions for the patient. Through lifelong learning, a nurse will be able to acquire more nursing knowledge and this will help them excel in their practice (Cooper,2001).Communication is another important character of nursing. It is important that a nurse affair communication skills to establish a therapeutic relationship with his or her patients. Through actively listening and inquiry a nurse can find out clients ineluctably and identify goals. The nurse then must communicate that information back to her patient and begin establishing realistic expectations of recovery. Nurses also work with many other coworkers so effective communication is key to maintaining an effective health interest team (Potter Perry, 2009).Critical think ing emphasizes the use of logic and reasoning to make decisions. This is an important quality in nursing because during the worry of patients, nurses are constantly making decisions that affect patient well being.(Forneris1McAlpine, 2009) For instance, Mrs. Smith, a 50 year old womanhood comes to fall upon a nurse with a swollen right knee. The nurse has to thinking critically to find the cause of Mrs. Smiths injured knee. The nurse will select questions related to Mrs. Smiths previous health problems to determine what led to the injured knee, and for her to rank the pain from 0 to 10. After Mrs. Smith responds, the nurse has to analyze the data and baron explain to Mrs. Smith that she may apply some ointment to help with the pain along with doing endurance exercises. Two weeks later, Mrs. Smith is asked to come back to see if the exercise and ointment helped. Critical thinking helps nurses identify patients unique problems and assist nurses with planning for a special nursing intervention for the patient and evaluate if the intercession given to clients have been effective.Caring is important for nursing because caring behavior shown by a nurse can make patients optimistic and speed up their healing process. Caring behavior also shows that nurses have a connection with the patient and makes the patient feel that he is not alone. By having a nurse using knowledge tailored to headache for them, patients can gain a sense of comfort. Moreover, according to Watson, a caring relationship and caring environment can promote human dignity and integrity, empower patients self awareness and self knowledge which will affect healing positively (Watson, 2005).In the health care system, patients are vulnerable because their physical condition is less than optimal and they do not have the knowledge that health care professionals have regarding the treatment they receive. This creates an odds-on power between the health care system and the patient. Therefore it is nur ses obligation to be an advocate for their patients needs and speak out for the patient for the most pattern intervention, especially where there is a dis piecee among the health care team (Steefel,2008).Leadership is important to nursing because it is a quality that ensures and promotes the best nursing care to the general public. When a nurse finds an inappropriate situation in the health care system which could cause harm to the public, a nurse with leadership characteristics would bill out and actively solve the problem in order to protect the public interest. A nurse with leadership qualities can also demonstrate and germinate other new nurses about nursing integrity and professionalism. A nurse leader can work in the health care unit and use her knowledge to direct other health care members to solve conflicts within the health care system, ensuring that the public can enjoy better health care service (CNO,2002).The six symbols in our groups coat of arm are puzzle pieces, a torch, a sheep skin scroll, a heart with hands of different raceway , a book with key, and a balance. All the symbols are sitting on an aqua coloured shield. There is a pink shell with four pearls at the apex of the shield. In the middle of the shield is a hexagon combined with two triangles connecting all six symbols on the coat of arms. There are also two brown wooden ladders on each side of the shield.Puzzle pieces are a symbol of critical thinking. It is because a person has to think carefully to put all the puzzle pieces together. It is just like how nurses think critically to put all the pieces of patient information together and analyze them in order to interpret appropriate care to the patient. The torch symbolizes leadership. The person who holds the torch sign ons initiative to walk in front of the crowd and uses the light to guide the followers. The scroll is a symbol of communication since in the ancient times, Kings communicated over long distances by writing message s on a scroll and sending it to his officials. A heart with hands of different races symbolizes caring, as nurses care for others including patients and their family members, regardless of their background and race. The book with key symbolizes knowledge. The key helps people open the doors of knowledge. The balance is a symbol of advocacy because nurses have to be an advocate for their clients and to help balance the power between vulnerable patients and health care professionals. The ladders symbolize Benners five stages of skill acquisition a nurse will undergo, from novice to expert.In conclusion, my understanding of nursing has changed by become more rounded since fall. Before I thought nursing simply means to take care of the problem affecting patients, but now I understand that nurses take care of the patients overall well being. Doing so properly requires all of the skills draw in this essay.

Essay Comparing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth -- comparison compare contras

William Shakespeares Macbeth tells the story of a frequent who commits regicide in auberge to become king. early on in the play, Macbeth is conflicted as to weather or not he wants to kill his kinsman the king. In the first two acts Macbeth is not portrayed as a unpitying killer he is a sympathetic character who succumbs to the provocation of his wife and a prophecy foretold by three mysterious witches. In contrast, Lady Macbeth is a manipulative, immoral woman. Her ambition is so strong that she is willing to do anything to see her husband succeed. However, in the third act things begin to change. The stopping point of the king and entitle and lady Macbeths rise to power catalyze profound transformation in their personalities. Before Macbeth enters the stage his re assembleation as a prestigious general is established. In the second vista of the play men who have fought with Macbeth rant about his courage in battle. The first account of Macbeths bravery comes from an hurt ca ptain. He says But alls too weak/for brave Macbeth (Well he deserves that name)/ Disdaining fortune, with his brandish steel/. (1.2.17) The rest of the scene consists of new(prenominal) recounts of Macbeths success the thane of Ross informs the king that Macbeth has successfully suppressed the joint efforts of the thane of Cawdor, and the king of Norway. Furthermore, in this scene the king announces that Macbeth is to be promoted as the new thane of Cawdor. In this scene Macbeth is portrayed as a mighty, patriotic, warrior and a loyal subject to the king. However as the play progresses Macbeth deviates from these traits. Macbeths encounter with the three witches confuses him. He begins to decide on a manakin ... ... to kill Banquo he says Not I th worst rank of manhood say t And I will put that business in your bosoms(3.1.115) This was the same technique that Lady Macbeth used when she was persuading Macbeth to kill Duncan she questioned his manhood. While Macbeth is loosing h is morals, Lady Macbeth is developing hers. After Macbeth reveals his plot to kill Banquo she is reluctant to make up another hit to those already committed You must leave this(3.3.40) In act three another prophecy foretold by the witches comes true. The paradox bazar is impish and suffocate is bonny characterizes the changes the protagonists undergo in acts one, two and three. Throughout the play Macbeth, the fair one, becomes overcome by guilt and becomes foul. While Lady Macbeth who was foul in her instigations becomes fair. Essay Comparing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth -- comparison compare contrasWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth tells the story of a general who commits regicide in order to become king. Early in the play, Macbeth is conflicted as to weather or not he wants to kill his kinsman the king. In the first two acts Macbeth is not portrayed as a ruthless killer he is a sympathetic character who succumbs to the provocation of his wife and a prophecy foretold by three mysterious witches. In contrast, Lady Macbeth is a manipulative, immoral woman. Her ambition is so strong that she is willing to do anything to see her husband succeed. However, in the third act things begin to change. The death of the king and lord and lady Macbeths rise to power catalyze profound transformation in their personalities. Before Macbeth enters the stage his reputation as a prestigious general is established. In the second scene of the play men who have fought with Macbeth rant about his courage in battle. The first account of Macbeths bravery comes from an injured captain. He says But alls too weak/for brave Macbeth (Well he deserves that name)/ Disdaining fortune, with his brandish steel/. (1.2.17) The rest of the scene consists of other recounts of Macbeths success the thane of Ross informs the king that Macbeth has successfully suppressed the joint efforts of the thane of Cawdor, and the king of Norway. Furthermore, in this scene the king announces tha t Macbeth is to be promoted as the new thane of Cawdor. In this scene Macbeth is portrayed as a mighty, patriotic, warrior and a loyal subject to the king. However as the play progresses Macbeth deviates from these traits. Macbeths encounter with the three witches confuses him. He begins to decide on a course ... ... to kill Banquo he says Not I th worst rank of manhood say t And I will put that business in your bosoms(3.1.115) This was the same technique that Lady Macbeth used when she was persuading Macbeth to kill Duncan she questioned his manhood. While Macbeth is loosing his morals, Lady Macbeth is developing hers. After Macbeth reveals his plot to kill Banquo she is reluctant to add another murder to those already committed You must leave this(3.3.40) In act three another prophecy foretold by the witches comes true. The paradox fair is foul and foul is fair characterizes the changes the protagonists undergo in acts one, two and three. Throughout the play Macbeth, the fair o ne, becomes overcome by guilt and becomes foul. While Lady Macbeth who was foul in her instigations becomes fair.

Worldwide Denial of Global Warming Essay -- Essays Papers Environment

Worldwide Denial of Global Warming As human beings, we need to value the environment in which we live. This is important to greater our future and that of others to follow. Very few people realize that their daily behaviors have a direct collision on the environment, the atmosphere in particular. By emitting foul torpedoses into the air on a daily basis is one of the main reasons of such climate changes. People watch such changes and yet dont do anything to help the situation. Wee dont realize the risks that such changes in temperature pose. Rather than trying to conserve waste or taking parky showers, we still go on through our daily activities reluctant to change that will in time benefit the earth. By conserving gas and other harmful emissions like oil and electricity we are lessening the risks of global warming. By recognizing the potential risks, it will become easier to find practical solutions. There have been round steps toward conservin g gas. Hybrid cars are becoming more and more popular among Ameri scum bags and as well as other consumers. These cars will expend less gas to get more mileage. Honda, is taking .steps toward lowering harmful gasses into the atmosphere by introducing these futuristic cars to the American public The main purpose of these cars is to reduce the dependency on gas for automobiles. As cheap college students, we all know how expensive gas is today, wouldn?t you rather save all the money you spend on gas and use it for other things like beer, clothes or other recreational purposes. The effects of global warming will have a lasting impact on the entire world. All people in all nations will experience unfortunate outcomes if something isn?t done soon. ... ...ed are called ?renewables.? ?Renewable energy technologies use solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, or biomass energy? (United States EPA). Such new technologies are clean compared with traditional energy technologie s, which burn fossil fuels such as oil and gas and can be used to solve many environmental problems. Work citedFrazier, Ian. ?As The World Burns.? Mother Jones March/Apr. 2003 Vo.28. 2 Academic Search Premier. EBSCOMarshall, George and Mark Lynas. ?why We Don?t Give A Damn.? New Statesman 21 Jan. 2003 132. 4666 18+.Academic Search Premier. EBSCOSchulz, Kathryn. ?Global Warming Right Now.? Rolling Stone 20 Feb. 2003 Iss.916 Academic Search Premier. EBSCOUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Renewable Energy The Road from Global Warming To a Cleaner Future billet of Policy. September 1998.