Ancient Greek Beliefs Of Religion And Death Differs From Other Culture :: essays research papers

Ancient Greek Beliefs of Religion and Death Differs From Other CulturesHow does the Ancient Greek beliefs of religion and devastation differ with theview of other cultural groups? Death, the way it is represented in Homers book,The Odyssey, is always caused by human error. Whether their death was caused bygreed, selfishness, or just organism curious, many people died in The Odyssey.Still, the question of what happens after we die remains. Many religions havedifferent beliefs of religious ideas from the Ancient Greeks. Afterlife, is abelief where the comparisons among religions become highly close. The Greekbeliefs of theologys and death are different from the modern day beliefs of otherreligions such as Judaism and Ancient Egyptian beliefs.For example, The Odyssey begins with a scene containing a colloquyamong the perfections. The goddess Athena, goddess of war and wisdom, is discussingthe matter of Odysseus with Zeus, the head god and god of sky (Homer 10). Ofcourse these are n ot the only Greek gods and goddesses. Other examples of Greekgods and goddesses are Apollo, god of music, poetry, medicine, archery, andyoung unmarried men and Hestes, goddess of the home. As you can see, the Greeksbelieved in many gods unlike the people of the Jewish fate who believed in onegod. The Jewish god does not have an emblem that which it is represented by.The belief is that the god is represented by everything. For example, membersof the Jewish religion believe god is everywhere, in everything, and representedby everything they do. Another example of the religious differences is howAncient Egyptians believed in idol gods which are gods represented in statues.Ancient Greek beliefs are different from those of other societies because ofdifferences amid how gods are represented in Judaism and Ancient Egyptianbeliefs.Equally important are the Ancient Greek views of death. Death caused byhuman error is widespread throughout the book. Human error is encountered ineach one of O dysseuss adventures on his return home. The Kyklopes representedthe greediness, selfishness, and uncilvilization of Odysseuss men. Odysseusfell asleep and his men unleashed a bag of prominent winds, throwing them off path(Homer 315). Skylla and Kharybdis was a representation of death from naturewhen Odysseuss men stopped rowing and six of the men were killed. The Seirenes,with their beautiful singing voices represent self-annihilation death. Hades, probablythe most down to Earth adventure, represents time and fate. Many religions usetime and fate as representations of why people die. Ancient Egyptians believedthat when a person died, they were hand picked by god and therefore sacrificed.

Essay --

A camping focused on not only torture but death. something so permanent, so final. thousands of prisoners thrown in this camp e precise(prenominal) day just to be killed (ab divulge 800,000). With no rhyme or reason, besides the thought of the jews being completely worthless and not even deserving of documentation on this earth and breathing the air. The logic in this time is completely lost, they jews were treated no better than dirt under the guards shoes. On a heel of the nine worst concentration camps Treblinka is the second. ( the first being the worst.) This camp in particular has gas chambers made to look like cascades. even including shower faucets and tile.With pipes running across the ceiling which of course was designed to appear as pipes for the water when in reality the pipes were filled with carbon monoxide gas ( a acerb gas). When the prisoners piled in they were gassed to death.The guards frequently referred to the tunnels to the chambers as the road to heaven . The other prisoners were sometimes just machine gunned or even spilled onto the railroad platform Bodies were often thrown into huge ditches located east of the chambers. Containing nothing but filthy, scrawny, and hopeless bodies. Five thousand to seven thousand Jews arrived each day increases to about 12,000 a day, though thousands were dead on arrival. This camp was the the last camp whose sole purpose was extermination. It was only fifty miles from the large city of warsaw, which blows my mind that heap will still fully confidently try to convince people that the camps never happened. It became known as Treblinka I when the death camp, Treblinka II, was built. The camp was laid out in an irregular rectangle, 400 m by 600 m, surrounded by barbed wire and anti- tank spanish hors... ...revolt took place, approximately two hundred managed to abound out. Only sixty of those who escaped were alive at the end of the war to tell the world about the horrors of the awful, terrific c amp called Treblinka. When this final gassing was completed, the camp area was ploughed over and trees were planted. The camp was turned into a farm, a guard then settled with his family to protect the crime scene. Perhaps because people were very interested in the rumors they were hearing about what the germans had been conducting in this camp. I would find it hard to believe too, in order to take in all the stale hard facts I also would want to see it with my own eyes. It was because of all the other people who also felt this way that the retired guard felt have to protect and or guard the historical area of land where the unforgettable and unbelievable took place.

Mount St. Helens :: Nature Volcanoes Eruptions Essays

Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens is an active stratovalcano in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest orbit of the United States. It is located 96 miles south of Seattle and 53 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon. The mountain is part of the Cascade Range. It is most famous for a catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980. That eruption was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. 57 people were killed, and 200 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed. The eruption blew the top of the mountain off, reducing its summit from 9,677 feet to 8,364 feet in elevation and replacing it with a mile-wide horeshoeshaped crater. Like most of the other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, St. Helens is a great cone of rubble, consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice and other deposits. Volcanic cones of this internal structure are called composite cones or stratovo lcanoes. Mount St. Helens includes layers of basalt and andesite through with(predicate) which several domes of dacite lava have erupted. The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit another formed Goat Rocks dome on the northern flank. These were destroyed in St. Helens 1980 eruption. The first save sighting of Mount St. Helens by Europeans was by Royal Navy Commander George Vancouver and the officers of HMS Discovery on May 19, 1792, while they were surveying the northern Pacific sea coast from 1792 to 1794. Vancouver named the mountain for British diplomat Alleyne Fitzherbert, Baron St. Helens on October 20, 1792. According to geological evidence, St. Helens started growth 37,600 years ago with dacite and andesite eruptions of pumice and ash. Mudflows were very significant forces in all of St. Helens eruptive cycles. Starting around 2500 BC eruptions of large amounts of ash and yellowish-brown pumice covered thousands of square miles. This eruptive cycle l asted until about 1600 BC. After cd years of inactivity, St. Helens came alive again around 1200 BC. This cycle, which lasted until about 800 BC, is characterized by smaller volume eruptions. Mt. Saint Helens woke up on March 20, 1980, with a Richter magnitude 4 earthquake. Steam venting started on March 27. By the end of April, the north side of the mountain started to bulge.

The Significance of Dreams and Dreaming in A Midsummer Nights Dream b

The Significance of Dreams and Dreaming in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare In Pucks final speech of the play he says And this weak and idle theme No more yielding than a dream It has been argued that Shakespeare structured the play around the notion of a dream. Explore the importee of dreams and dreaming in the play, both as a theme and dramatic device. There are several definitions of a dream, although no one can authentically define a dream, it is what we make it. The first theory is that it is a mixture of images, accumulated from your thoughts or experiences, that happen whilst you are asleep. It could also be a deception you experience whilst your semi-conscious which you have no control over. It could also be simply wish fulfillment. All these definitions relate to the play as the fairy characters are fantasy, lordly the humans experiences and granting them their wish fulfillments. I think Shakespeare thought of the notion o f a dream and from all these different ideas, dreamed up a story have all of them, perhaps it was his wish fulfillment or came from a dream he once had. Pucks weak and idle theme is anything but, approximately cultures such as the Chinese believe you shouldnt wake someone up whilst they are sleeping because their wondering soul would not have had metre to reunite with their body, this relates to the play as all the characters appear to be wondering around in their sleep, not actually realizing they are asleep. The Elizabethan audience would bet all the images of magic, love and freedom from the name Midsummer Nights Dream and would expect it to be a light hearted roma... ...king as if they were handmade using only plants. The fairies haircloth is all golden, long and full of ringlets underneath a headdress of flowers. Shakespeare managed to present ideas of dreaming brilliantly throughout the play. The lovers fell asleep in their dream, what do yo u dream when you fall asleep in a dream? Is dreaming reality, or reality dreaming? What does a blind person dream if they have seen cypher they wish for or want to aspire to? These questions are created from the play. This shows that Pucks final speech and this weak and idle theme, no more yielding than a dream is not a weak theme after all but something, if messed with can go very wrong or very right. This is illustrated by the mixing up of the love potions in Hoffmans film, something so harmful as love can create so much sadness and pain.

Much Ado About Nothing Essay -- essays research papers

&9Much Ado About Nothing is a play that centers around the question and skirmish surrounded by deception and reality. One first notices of the image of deception as we witness the masking and unmasking at the masquerade. In the play, most overhear discussions are deceptions. It is through eavesdropping that we see the true battle between deception and reality as we look at the subplots of Benedick and Beatrice, Hero and Claudio, as well as the comedy of Dogberry and his crew.&9 The relationship between Benedick and Beatrice is one manufactured completely through deception on the behalf of their friends. Though the plot to relate them was planned, many of the problems that arose were because of things that were overheard accidentally or on purpose. In Act II, gibe 3 Benedick is deceived into thinking that Beatrice loves him because of the speech in the garden between Leonato, Claudio, and have on Pedro. Beatrice is sent to fetch Benedick for dinner, and Benedick notes &qu otsome marks of love in her," and he decides to take pity upon her and return her love. In Act III, Scene 1 Beatrice is deceived as she overhears Hero and Ursula talk of Benedicks affection for her. Beatrice then decides to allow herself to be tamed by Benedicks "loving hand," and return his love. Beatrice and Benedick re do to fall in love through the deception of those around them, and ironically find happiness more readily than Claudio and Hero.&9The relationship between Clau...

Much Ado About Nothing Essay -- essays research papers

&9Much Ado About Nothing is a play that centers about the question and battle between deception and reality. One first notices of the image of deception as we witness the masking and unmasking at the masquerade. In the play, most(prenominal) overhear discussions are deceptions. It is through eavesdropping that we see the true battle between deception and reality as we look at the subplots of benedict and Beatrice, Hero and Claudio, as well as the comedy of Dogberry and his crew.&9 The relationship between Benedick and Beatrice is one manufactured completely through deception on the behalf of their friends. though the plot to unite them was planned, many of the problems that arose were because of things that were overheard accidentally or on purpose. In Act II, Scene 3 Benedick is deceived into thinking that Beatrice loves him because of the speech in the tend between Leonato, Claudio, and Don Pedro. Beatrice is sent to fetch Benedick for dinner, and Benedick notes "some marks of love in her," and he decides to take pity upon her and return her love. In Act III, Scene 1 Beatrice is deceived as she overhears Hero and Ursula talk of Benedicks affection for her. Beatrice then decides to allow herself to be tamed by Benedicks "loving hand," and return his love. Beatrice and Benedick re made to fall in love through the deception of those around them, and ironically find happiness more readily than Claudio and Hero.&9The relationship between Clau...

Macbeth and Shakespeare Essay

This quote god bear out me from my friends but from my enemies I can defend myself means gods help me from my friends but, I have the ability to defend myself. Two stories that Ive read that support this quote are Macbeth by William Shakespeare and The Cask Of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe. I definitely grant with this quote because Macbeths friends thought they were really his friends but, they were wrong.Macbeth by William Shakespeare shows literary devices and they support my opinion of this quote. One is dramatic irony and it proves this quote true for many reasons. It is true because peeress Macbeth shows traitorousness against Duncan, the king of Scotland and Macbeth shows betrayal against all his friend, he was really using them and in the end he decimateed some of his friends. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth wanted to both kill Duncan all along, so they Planned it all out. Betrayal is what happened here, big time. The other literary device from the story that supports my opin ion and makes this quote true is, Tradgeic Hero. Macbeth started out as a tradgeic hero and then throughout the story he also betrays all his friends, pretty much the same reason for the dramatic irony. He is on the dot a great example of a tradgeic hero.The other story that supports my opinion is The Cask Of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe and the quote God defend me from my friends but, from my enemies I can defend myself. The two literary devices used are symbol and mood. Symbol makes this quote true in this story. This is true because montresors coat of arms which is the snake cutting the foot that is crushing it. This represents montresor getting revenge on fortunato for his supposed insult. When they both walked through the catacombs , montresor describes his coat of arms in a descriptive way. The other literary device that is used in this short story is, mood. The mood is very important in the story. It has a lot of terror and fear in the lay which connects to the mood. Thi s mood is created because of the setting which is the cave with the bones, dampness and darkness. This set a mood that is not so inviting.These two stories both concluded the meaning of the quote. They both had friends and enemies and betrayal against one another. The setting in The Cask Of Amontillado defiantly showed how they defended themselves. This is why I agree with this quote.

Ethical Actions Worksheet Essay

Was there anything in either the University of Phoenix Student Code of Conduct or the Student Code of Academic righteousness that strike you? If so, what was it? Why were you surprised? If not, why not?After reading the University of Phoenix Student Code of Conduct, like expected, I did not find any of the randomness contained within to be surprising. Like in any professional and sometimes even public settings, I expected nothing less from the University of Phoenix protest Code of Conduct. The University of Phoenix Code of Conduct reflects that of many of the abovementioned settings in order to ensure an environment where when followed the rules help ensure a positive learning and last environment where each and every individual can focus lone(prenominal) on the tasks at hand, leaving behind any personal issues derived from unprofessionalism. What did you learn active the behaviors considered important for an ethical learner or student in the University of Phoenix learning co mmunity?I learned that in order to ensure a more positive learning environment, it is important for students who are enrolled at the University of Phoenix to always take into consideration whether or not their actions may be name sickish by other students. One must always keep in mind that what may not be found to be offensive by one individual, may offend another individual regardless of the similarities between the two. This is due to the various backgrounds and personal beliefs of students enrolled at the University of Phoenix. For example, one person of a particular racial background may find humor in a racial joke while another person of the same racial background may find the same joke to be offensive. Why are the Student Code of Conduct and Student Code of Academic Integrity important to you and the University of Phoenix learning community?The University of Phoenix Code of Conduct is important in order to achieve an environment where students can focus only on their main f aculty member goals. The Code of Conduct minimizes distraction brought on to students when they are in an environment where their attention is focused on issues not of an academic nature.The University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity ensures that all students take advantage of the opportunity to learn new things, which in turn will be rewarding to each individuals future. Academic Integrity ensures a safe and peaceful learning environment where students can focus on the studying.

Is English killing other languages Essay

Abstract Is side Killing other speech communications? As we went on to know and find step to the fore what tidy sum think about question, we learned and observed peoples different opinion, rather we should term it as conflicting. Some cite we endurenot blame the face to be a language killer, world is changing and those who couldnt survive die out, same theory goes for the languages also. While on the other hand people argon rattling critical of the scraming employ of English. A section of people also see it as a means of connecting cultures and promoting internationalization.What we learned with working with questionnaires and interviewing people, is we cannot generalize anything, like yes this is it because majority thinks so, may be the next person you go to welcome a tot completelyy different opinion to say about it. Its the persons circumstances in life, his age, occupation, the environment he lives in, is brought up, that mainly shape his thinking process. Keeping in mind all these differences, and what we learned from people. We gave our best efforts to ram a conclusion about this question.ContentsIntroductionDefinition of LanguageFindings from people and sites, online discussionsExtinct Languages in IndiaConclusion from interviews and questionnaire final examination ConclusionReferenceAppendixIntroductionAll over the world there is a concern about the slicing of languages.Languages are dying in a very big way everywhere in the world. And who is to blame is the much asked question. And our topic for the project, Is English Killing Other Languages is a big question, whether we can blame al nonpareil English as the cause of increasing number of extinct regional languages or other factors are also at work. We went on to find out peoples notion to this question. Definition of LanguageWe will begin by delving into the question that what exactly is a language. The answer that we get most often is that, it is a means of expressing atomic number 53self, and of communicating with each other. The dictionary will tell us that it is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.We can also add non-verbal communication on top of this. What we think often is true, provided it is just one gauzy aspect of what really a language. Language is much more. A major part of is dependent on communities of speakers. In truth, language is far more than a means of communication it is a carrier of the entire social history and cultural heritage of a people. Through language, we channelize words, norms, ideas, social practices, values and emotions .The entire culture of a people is encapsulated in what we call language. So it is just not a means of communication that we are talking here of, it is the entire culture that is at stake with a language becoming endangered or extinct.Gatherings from blogs and online discussion groupsHaving this definition of languag e in mind, we begin with what we gathered from people over the internet .Talking firstly about the remember Tully, former BBC India correspondent who sees English from a completely different viewpoint. Mark definitely doesnt see English as a language killer infact he makes one think the growing usage of English from a different perspective. What he says is English is one of the advantages India has, which are said to be propelling it to economic superpower status.So Why not use it. He clearly means us to reflect towards the job opportunities and many other things that English has created how it has helped India to improve its economy. Also Former editor of the Economist, Bill Emmott saidIndia trim back short of china in almost every measure except ability to speak English .So why should not India built on its one advantage. Not only Mark and Bill many other people also see English as the means of creating more opportunities. People have also cited life changing experiences when th ey acquired the ability to speak fluently in English. On the other hand we also have people criticizing the growing usage of English language .As Nicholas Ostler founder of endangered languages ELF said English is killing off scores of minority languages in its wake to spread, with English creeping in among younger generations everywhere as the language of mass communications and symbol of progress minority regional languages are becoming more and more difficult to accommodate. Marc Ettlinger PhD linguistics UC, Berkeley had also quite the same opinion. He says often Languages associated with a nation state kill minority languages as a function of Nationalized school where success is determined by knowing the dominant language.Also in Centralized government dominant language is crucial to determination a job. Social pressure to fit in with what everyone is doing. Urban migration and many other reasons. Fortunately in India government does promote other languages also. except by d efault nowadays the main language seems to be either Hindi or English. Because of English becoming a global language as fountainhead as important for getting a job. What mostly people think is that English is just a requirement in this globalized world. It makes us a global player. It makes us versatile. One definitely needs to adapt to it. This was all in what we found through people on net.Extinct languages of IndiaNow looking at the extinct languages of India, referring to a survey and the reasons they say behind the increasing extinct languages. According to Peoples Linguistic Survey of India, India speaks 780 languages, 220 lost in snuff it 50 years. The survey was conducted over the past four years by 3,000 volunteers and staff of the Bhasha Research & Publication Centre.It concludes that 220 Indian languages have disappeared in the last 50 years, and that another 150 could vanish in the next half century as speakers die and their children fail to learn their ancestral tongue s. Now the looking upon the reasons that they proverb during the survey behind the languages beingextinct, is the small group of people using a language, increased use of English or other reasons that are responsible for this extinction. Firstly ruling out the option that the small group of people using a language is the reason for language extinction. Because history provides evidence that very large languages had also gone down sometimes.Latin is one example. The (ancient) Greek language is another, Sanskrit is the third one. A language does not have to be small in order to face extinction. That is the nature of language. So this equation that the government will come will do something, then language will survive, that has to be taken out of all thinking. It is a cultural phenomenon. And we can see that all over the world there is a concern about the disappearance of languages. Languages are dying everywhere in the world.Secondly, wherever the English language has gone in the la st 200 years, it has managed to wipe out the local languages. But in India, English did not manage to do that because Indian languages have a historical experience of having to deal with two mega languages in the past one was Sanskrit, and after that, Persian. So Indians know how to cope with English. And that is why even today, though so many of us use English as if it is our first language, we hitherto do not pray in English, and we do not sing our songs in English.So English is not the reason. When a language imbibes words from outside, it grows. Languages grow by taking words from other languages. Every language is from beginning to the end, a polluted language. The threat will come. Hindi has its roots there are 126 languages surrounding the Hindi belt.Because they are feeder languages, they feed into Hindi, they are the roots for Hindi. So the bottom line is Hindi definitely will not extinct and English certainly is not the reason for language extinction. English is the sky .The sky will not harm the manoeuvre, but if you chop the roots, a mighty tree can fall. This happened with Latin, and should not happen with Hindi. Out attitude of neglect towards smaller languages is a threat to larger languages, English is nowhere to blame.

Human Relations in Management Essay

W. L. Gore & AssociatesThe goal of human relations is to create a win-win situation by satisfying employee of necessity while achieving organizational objectives. (Lussier, 2013). They do this by not operating the way normal companies do. No one in the company has a title and promotions be given based on who the employees agree thinks they deserve it. While this is something Ive never heard of I ignore see it working, you have to have a good workplace in order for something like this to be successful. An separate thing that they have is sponsors who I think is something all jobs should offer. Once a soul is finished being trained they are left to learn the small thing which can be overwhelming when left alone. Having someone who has been in that respect and can help you through those moments and can relate to problems you may have done the job. With the systems effect all the people of the company are somehow affected by at least one individual in the group (Lussier, 2013).You can see this in their sponsors, when one person gets a new role in the company they gain a new sponsor. This affects multiple people beca recitation as youre promoted on the job you get more sponsors and the role of that sponsors is to be in that respect to help guide the employee on the job. At some point every(prenominal)one will be a sponsor to more than one person and they can use the things that they learned from their sponsor to help the person theyve been assigned to sponsor. The Hawthorne effect believes that an employees performance would increase if they were given special attention (Lussier, 2013). Working for W.L. Gore & Associates there doesnt seem to be anyone who will micromanage you to make sure youre doing your job, there is no one to tell you good job after every task is competed. You are self-managed and you work on your own to get the job done. While this may seem like a terrible working environs to others it doesnt to me.I dont think a person has to be given any special attention to indirect request to increase their job performance they should work to do so because they love their job and want the company to be successful. In order to be an hard-hitting sponsor you have to be able to follow all ten of the guidelines of human relations. You have to be positive and willing to listen to people the person youre sponsoring is going to be depending on you to help them when they are facing problems on the job. If you arent willing to go out of your way to help other and show that youre truly show that you are interested in helping them become better on the job. I think the most authorized one of the ten is having a sense of humor, while its important to get the job done there is nothing wrong with having fun while do so. A good sponsor will try to find a way to truly help you enjoy what you do for a living,ReferencesLussier, R.N. (2013). piece relations in organizations Applications and skill building (9th ed).New York McGraw-Hill.

I Am Sam Analysis

Sam loves his lady friend Lucy very much and tries very hard to keep her with him. Although, he is ment every last(predicate)y-challenged and the speak to argues whether or non he should keep Lucy. They say he only has the ability of a 7-year old and doesnt have enough money. He looks for a lawyer to help him subscribe to Lucy back, which she offers for free under the pressure of being seen by these women who gossip about her at work. She is super annoyed with him at prime(prenominal) but eventually starts to understand and be nicer to him, so she helps him what to say at court.Lucy is with a foster family who eventually gives her back to Sam because they dont specify they can expect to give her the love shes never had. They decide to be on Sams side in court & promise not to tell that Sam cant take care of her alone. They inveigle the argument and Sam and Lucy live together again. Main Character translation Sam He is a mentally-challenged father who loves his daughter very m uch. Hes very caring, happy, and loves Ihop. He enjoys making paper cranes and other different shapes too.His cheat was working at Starbucks, and then he quits and works at Pizza Hut. Sam can to a fault lose his temper quite advantageously as shown in the scene where he and Lucy eat at a different breakfast place and he throws a fit when she tells him they dont have French pancakes with fruit toppings on the side. Lucy She is a very smart and sneaky young girl. Even though her dad isnt normal, she still loves him flatly and wants to see him as much as possible. She is also very understanding towards her father and cares about him a lot.Rita Rita is Sams lawyer to help him with get Lucy back. She lives a very stressful life with people who dis worry her, with hundreds of things she needs to do, and then she has to deal with this case she brought herself into. She never loses, so she tries very hard to win this case. She becomes very caring and understanding towards Sam as she hel ps him through getting Lucy back. Psychological Illness Autism is portrayed in this movie with Sam who struggles to keep his daughter to live with him.In the beginning, Lucys friend asks her, What is wrong with your dad? Is he retarded? and replies with a yes. Her friend judges Sam very negatively because he is not normal. On the day of Lucys birthday party, Sam tries to calm everyone down so they can surprise Lucy he touches one of the kids to hide and the child says, get off me I have cooties The child doesnt even want to be touched or handled by him because of the way he is.The father also pushes him down away from his child right when Lucy walks in and sees that. She loves her father no matter what because he has always been there for her and will always love her like no one else can. Her peers would look at him like he is a weirdo and laugh at him. Whenever he would tittle-tattle to people, they would just keep flagging their heads like theyre listening because they dont c are what they have to say. But Sam has some friends just like him who all like to light out just like a regular group of friends.They would compliment each other a lot, encourage each other, support each other, and talk about their same interests. The court officials thought it was best for Lucy to not live with Sam because they dont think he has the ability to support her. curiously since he has a mental illness, they dont think he would be able to take care of her properly. But he pointed out that all she needs from him is love, support, patience, to listen to her, and happiness.

Brighton Rock by Graham Greene

In 1947 Donat ODonnell wrote that far more than the go away-wing militancy of such(prenominal) poets as Auden and Spender the thrillers of Mr. Greene reflect the state of the West European mind in the thirties. (25). For ODonnell, Greene is the most truly characteristic writer of the thirties ir England, and the leading novelist of that conviction and place (28). What Greene draws attention to in his novels from the period is, as McEwen n geniuss, the condition of violence and savagery pent-up beneath a seeming peace.Greenes work such as Brighton rock-and-roll used the apparatus of the thriller to expose and investigate contemporary social problems these novels ar vehicles for social commentary particularly in the implicit compargon they make among the violence and cruelty of their protagonists, Raven and pinkie, and the accent of poverty against which they be presented. This paper analyses Brighton Rock through a prism of narrative theory. In addition some socio-philosophi cal implications are discussed.Analysis In Brighton Rock pinkies gang murders Hale but solely after he has do the acquaintance of Ida Arnold, a fun-loving pragmatist who repeatedly insists on her knowledge of the discrimination between right and wrong. Responding to an irrational compulsionshe calls herself a sticker where rights concerned (16)she investigates Hales dying, seeking to bring Pinkie to justice and to moreover Rose the suffering that Pinkie will inflict upon her.Like Mather, Ida, despite fulfilling the role of the detective, is mocked by the narrative her inability to see beneath the surface of things seve swear limits her misgiving of the case and of the orb she inhabits. Brighton for her is a place of fun and excitement, and life is always good (19, 72) I always say its fun to be alive (17). The blue side, both of life and of the city with its beggars and its offense, is completely alien to her (73)Death shocked her, life was so important. She wasnt unearthly . She didnt believe in heaven or hell, only in ghosts, ouija boards, tables which rapped . . . but to her death was the end of everything. . . . Life was sunlight on brass bedposts, Ruby port, the leap of the heart when the orthogonalr you have backed passes the post and the influence go bobbing up. Life was poor Freds mouth pressed down on hers in the taxi, vibrating with the engine along the parade. . .. she took life with deadly seriousness she was nimble to practise any amount of unhappiness to anyone in order to defend the only thing she believed in. (36) Both her naive optimism, which has something dangerous and remorseless (36) in it, and her spiritual cecity prevent her from fellow feeling Pinkie and Rose and account for the ironic tone that dominates many of the descriptions of Ida Ida Arnold was on the right side. She was cheery, she was healthy, she could get a bit lit with the outperform of them.She liked a good time, her big breasts bore their carnality frankly do wn the Old Steyne, but you had only to look at her to know that you could rely on her. She wouldnt tell tales to your wife, she wouldnt remind you next morning of what you wanted to forget, she was honest, she was kindly, she belonged to the great middle law-abiding class, her amusements were their amusements, her superstitions their superstitions (the planchette scratching the French polish on the occasional table, and salinity over the shoulder), she had no more love for anyone than they had. (80)This kind of mockery has led numerous critics to denigrate Ida for her lack of spiritual awareness (she boasts to Rose that Its the world we got to grapple with 198) and to elevate Pinkie to tragic stature because he professes a belief in a divine order (its the only thing that fits 52, he says) wherein the of import difference is not between right and wrong but between Good and Evil. In that Rose shares Pinkies knowledge, she and Pinkie are presented both in the school schoolbook and in critical discussions as morally superior to Ida and other characters like her such as Dallow, Cubitt, Colleoni, and Phil Corkery.The point is do particularly clear in comments made by Rose to Pinkie and in exchanges between Ida and Rose I only came here for your sake. I wouldnt have troubled to see you source, only I dont want to let the Innocent sufferthe aphorism came clicking out like a ticket from a slot machine. Why, wont you lift a finger to blank out him killing you? He wouldnt do me any harm. Youre young. You dont know things like I do. Theres things you dont know. she brooded darkly by the bed while the woman argued on a theology wept in a garden and cried out upon a cross Molly Carthew went to everlasting fire.I know one thing you dont. I know the difference between Right and Wrong. They didnt t from each one you that at school. Rose didnt answer the woman was quite right the deuce words meant nothing to her. Their taste was extinguished by stronger foodsGood and Evil. The woman could tell her nothing she didnt know about theseshe knew by tests as clear as mathematics that Pinkie was evilwhat did it matter in that case whether he was right or wrong? (198) As is illustrated here, the narrative frequently contrasts devil distinct views of the worldthe secular outlook of Ida and others and the religious information of Rose and Pinkie.From a social perspective there is no escaping the fact that Pinkies evil makes him a criminal. However, as with Raven, Pinkies guilt is mitigated by a background of poverty (Man is made by the places in which he lives, the text tells us 37) and by the heading of Colleoni, a self-described business man (64), who, though the attraction of a vast criminal organization, is also well regarded by the Brighton police and by the Conservative party which seeks to persuade him into politics (159).As for Ida, whatever her shortcomings, she succeeds in her line of work of ridding society of Pinkies menace, although t he conditions that produced Pinkie, the source of the evil, remain. On one level, thusly, Ida is the instrument of law and order who brings about the socially desirable end, the social good, that Rose, representative of a religious or spiritual Good, cannot. Ida is, in this respect, a figure of the law defending a secular middle-class vision of society that relies on human justice which, as we have noted, Greene sees as both limited and limiting.On the other hand, criticism of Ida often seems to have at its root a prejudice against the detective story because it is a popular form of literature. Ida, herself, is strongly tied to popular culture, and in many respects she represents a populist spirit. The text tells us that She was of the people, she cried in cinemas at David Copperfield, when she was sot all the old ballads her mother had known came easily to her lips, her homely heart was touched by the word tragedy (32). Similarly, her bed-sitting room contains the trappings of po pular culture and an diverseness of popular literaturepieces of china bought at the seaside, a photograph of Tom, an Edgar Wallace, a Netta Syrett from a second-hand stall, some sheets of music, The Good Companions, her mothers picture, more china, a few jointed animals made of wood and elastic, trinkets given her by this, that and the other, Sorrell and Son, the Board. (42) In one sense then, her success represents the triumph, albeit limited, of the popular. However, for critics like R. W. B. Lewis, Idas popular heart (34) and her role as the investigating detective suffer the condemnation of her character and the neglect of her function in the book.In Lewiss eyes, the Ida Arnold plot threatens Brighton with the disaster of being two different books under the same cover (244) The entertainment is Idas it begins with the first sentence . . . The tragedy is Pinkies it begins more subtly in the atmosphere of place (243). As these remarks imply, not to condemn Ida is to elevate in t heir importance the books detective-story aspects-something Lewis cannot and will not do. We can see in Brighton Rock how the detective story complements and underscores the narrative of Pinkies religious struggle.To be fair, however, Lewis does recognize the interdependence of the two stories, despite his perception of generic confusion in the novel (239) the relation between the detective story and the tragedy expresses exactly what Brighton Hock is finally all about. It is a relation between modes of narrative discourse that reflects a relation between two kinds or levels of reality a relation between incompatible worlds between the moral world of right and wrong, to which Ida constantly and confidently appeals, and the theological world of good and evil inhabited by Pinkie and Rose.(244) However, we might add to these remarks that the relation between the two modes of narrative discourse can also be read as an inscription of the relationship between popular discourse and serious discourse. In the complete(a) classical detective story that Todorov describes, the story of the crime becomes present in the text only through the story of the investigation that is, the crime takes place outside the frame of the narrative and all its lucubrate are revealed only in the course of the investigation.The events leading to the crime make up a story that is seen only through its periodic intrusion by means of clues, or ciphers, into the story of the investigation which we read we find out about the one story in the telling of the other. As Todorov figures it, this pattern reveals the two aspects that the Russian formalists identify as part of any storyfabula and sjuzhetwhere the fabula is revealed only through the sjuzhet while yet providing the sjuzhet with the strong of its own existence.However, as we have noted, to determine which of these two precedes the other is a task fraught with equivocalness, and this ambiguity is reflected in Brighton Rocks departures fr om the paradigm of the classical detective story. This ambiguity emerges in the novels handling of the mechanics of the classical detective storys structure Ida explicitly begins her pursuit at the place from which Hale disappeared (81) and then works to reconstruct the crime which, as even Pinkie realizes (86), is the standard investigative process.In a general sense, Ida traces over the previously laid path of Pinkie and his gangan activity that is undifferentiated with the structural dynamics of the classical detective story plotand so figures the actions of the sjuzhet (the discourse) upon the material of the fabula (the story). As well, her retracing figures the act of writing that produces narrative as a write of a prior narrative which is repressed in the later narrative although its existence is revealed in the later narrativethe narrative of the investigationthrough the presence of clues which are the tangible signs marking the return of the repressed.However, in Brighto n Rock Idas pursuit of Pinkie intensifies the story of Pinkies efforts to avoid capture. As Ida proceeds in her reading or eventsexplicitly linked to her reading of an occult text (Fresuicilleye)she uncovers indications of Pinkies story marked in the narratives details, which in more orthodox detective fiction are hold as clues things such as Hales dislike of Bass beer and his confession that he was going to die (18) arouse Idas instincts so that she senses that there is something odd about Hales death (31).Late details that come out after his death, such as the fact that he used a false name (31), had bruises on his arms (79), and left a restaurant without eating despite telling Ida he was hungry (33), confirm Idas mistrusts that something is puzzling about the death while, at the same time, they reveal details of Pinkies story. As the novel progresses, it becomes clear that Idas investigation of Hales death forces Pinkies actions.Since the official investigators agree that Hale died of natural causes, they have closed the case (78-80), which means that it is only Ida whom Pinkie has to fear. In an odd way, then, Idas search originates, explains, and validates all of Pinkies actions from his courtship of Rose to his murder of Spicer to his attempt to arrange Roses suicide as Dallow accuses Ida late in the novel, this is your doing. You made him attach her, you made him . . . (236).To be sure, Pinkie fears that the police may ask questions about the man who left the card at Snows, but, as we realize, they do not and will not reopen their inquiry. In their place, though, is Ida. In this sense, the detective story plot determines the course of Pinkies story although, conversely, it is Pinkies story that gives rise to the detective narrative. The two lines of action are entangled in each other with each standing as the origin of the other.Indeed, the question of origin is complicated further by the fact that the disturbance that excites the narrative of Brig hton Rock into beingthe murder of Haleis considered an act of revenge the initial action occurs in response to an earlier actionthe murder of increasethe story of which, though sporadically erupting into Pinkies story (63, 218-19), lies in another narrative, another text as the text explicitly remarks, The whole origin of the thing was muddled (217).As a model of narrative mechanics, then, Brighton Rock, figures narratives ability to perpetuate itself by inscribing within itself two separate narrative strands that generate and then feed on each other. Since Pinkies storythe story of the crimesparks Idas story into life and since her investigation determines the content of Pinkies story, each story can be seen as the origin of the other as each lies behind the other. Idas investigation uncovers the contents of Pinkies story, but his narrative also becomes the means by which Idas story is discovered.To illustrate with just one example of how this works one can look at part 4, sectio n 1 (99-120), where Pinkie and Spicer are at the race track. Although the storyline in the foreground involves Pinkies perfidy of Spicer to Colleonis men, one glimpses the other narrative line involving Ida. Spicer tells Pinkie about a woman who backed Black Boy for a pony (103). One then finds out that Black Boy won the race, and again Spicer mentions the woman who now has won so much money (104) the narrative goes on to report that Pinkie heard a laugh, a female laugh which is attributed to the same woman (104-105).She is, of course, Ida, who bets on Hales tip and so wins enough money to persist in the investigation. In this example one sees how the story of detection is revealed in the telling of Pinkies story. Another way for us to see the relationship between the two narratives of Ida and Pinkie, of investigation and crime, is to reckon of either narrative strand as the repressed content of the other each reveals its presence in intermittent clues that surface into the respec tive narrative.However, whichever way one chooses to view Brighton Rock again depends on ones point of view, but ultimately one is looking at the same thing. Greene reflects the indeterminate reputation of narrative origins in his handling of the classical detective storys structure. As Brighton Rock stands, the story of the detection is interrupted by the story of the criminal, which reveals details of the crime the two stories are presented in roughly alternating chapters occurring more or less along a shared timeline.The reader, then, gains knowledge of the circumstances of Hales death from two sources, the chapters dealing with Ida and the chapters dealing with Pinkie. The two stories of the investigation and the crime become blurred in the novel as each begins to include the other. As if to underscore this blending of narrative, it is notable that the novels first exposure places Pinkie, Ida and Hale in the same room murderer, detective, and victim have their stories begin at the same time in the same place. The novel figures, then, the indeterminate nature of narrative origin from its outset.Because Idas investigation of events, metaphorically figured in her reading of an occult text, both reveals and determines the text she reads, we also see in Brighton Rock how the perceiving put forward effects what it perceives, and in terms of reading the implications of this action are complex. On one level, reading a text actualizes that text for the reader by inscribing it in the readers consciousness where it previously did not exist. At the same time, the reader sees in the text what he or she is, in a sense, programmed to see through his or her bear of the already-read.This phenomenon lies behind the differing judgments on Brighton Rock probable or improbable plot, proletarian novel or moral allegory, detective story or religious drama, light fiction or serious literature, entertainment or tragedy, and so on. However it is seen, the novel is the product o f an interpretive act. Brighton Rock shows us both how these differences are generated and how they coexist within the textual field of the novel. The question of how texts are read is one of the issues at the heart of Brighton Rock.Perhaps more than in other detective stories, Brighton Rock foregrounds the reading process as a concern from the first page when we find Hale as Kolley Kibber following a route (itself prescribed by a text) through Brighton in search of someone with a copy of The Daily Messenger in hand who can repeat a prepared text You are Mr. Kolley Kibber. I claim the Daily Messenger prize (5). Language is, thus, explicitly figured as a code. The text stresses that the claim must be made in the proper form of words (5), and hence the possibility of arriving at a correct, univocal reading of a text, of fully understanding the code, is implied.However, since the challenge Hale receives ultimately results in his death, we see figured in Brighton Rock the inadequacy of such a simple method of reading. This possibility is affirm in the larger investigation of reading that is enacted in the novel. As the detective, Ida is the reader of the fictions that Pinkie creates to explain Hales, Spicers, and, though it does not occur, Roses deaths. In producing these fictions, Pinkie uses tangible signs, which are meant to mislead their reader. The cards he has Spicer lay along Hales route are meant to stand as the visible traces of Hales presence, as Hales signature.Similarly, in preparing the story of Roses suicide, Pinkie uses a note that Rose herself has written and insists that she add a piece to explain her death (231) for Rose, this involves signing away more than her life (227) because in committing suicide she commits a mortal sin which will, according to her belief, damn her. But in both instances, and particularly in the latter, the creation of a fiction is explicitly tied to the mathematical product of a written text, and in this way the act of detection that involves the reading of Pinkies texts mirrors the activity of Greenes reader and of reading in general.Conclusion If Brighton Rock demonstrates the limitations of reading, it also insists upon the necessity of reading. fair as Chesterton described every detail within the urban landscape as a sign to be read by the detective in his or her search for truth, so is every detail within a detective story of potential significance to the readers interpretation of the narrative. In Brighton Rock the experience of the world is figured in terms of reading the world of Brighton is explicitly a world of text.Roses fathers face is marked deeply with the hieroglyphics of pain and patience and suspicion (142) the edge of the sea is like a line of writing in whitewash big sprawling letters (152) and Ida, herself, is likened by the narrative to an enigmatic text that insists it be read she stood there like a wall at the end of an alley scrawled with the obscene chalk messages of an e nemy (196). In this context, reading becomes an inevitable activity linked to power those best able to read or even to offer convincing and authoritative readings are those who exercise power in this world.Both Ida and the police are confident in their interpretations of clues and events. The police, assigned the task of interpreting evidence in order to determine whether or not a crime has been committed, produce their own reading of Hales death. Their report presents a univocal interpretation of the details of the death and so preserves their power because in their eyes and in the eyes of the society the case is solved.The closing of the case thus maintains an impression of efficiency, which, in turn, justifies the authority conferred upon the police. As Edwin Muir wrote of Pinkie in a review of Brighton Rock, he is an evil product of an evil purlieu, a living criticism of society, and on that plane genuine (76). Muirs remarks could just as easily apply to Raven, who is said to be made by hatred (66). Indeed, because one of his obsessive boasts is Im educated (15, 46), the social system that shapes Raven is severely criticized.In Brighton Rock there are hints of a repressed desire for goodness and peace in Pinkie that are seen in his emotional reactions to music, his recollection of his days in the church choir and his desire to be a priest, his faint stirring of tenderness for Rose and pity for Prewitt, and his sense of an enormous emotion beating on him . . . the pressure of gigantic wings against the icing as he drives Rose to what he assumes will be her death (242)all of which indicate that Pinkies evil arises out of the corruption of his innocence.In his case, the crippling effects of his environment destroy a natural tendency to goodness. The three entertainments that follow Brighton Rock, while not abandoning the social critique of the books from the thirties, become more obvious than Greenes text was in the interrogations of the thriller form and of the structures of authoritywhether political, literary or textualthat exist within society. Bibliography Greene, Graham. Brighton Rock. 1938. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1988._____________. Our Man in Havana. 1958. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1977. Lewis, R. W. B. Graham Greene The Religious Affair. The Picaresque Saint Representative Figures in Contemporary Fiction. Philadelphia and New York Lipponcott, 1959. 220-74. McEwen, Neil. Graham Greene. Macmillan Modern Novelists. London Macmillan, 1988. ODonnell, Donat. Graham Greene. Chimera 5. 4 (Summer 1947) 18-30. Todorov, Tzvetan. The Poetics of Prose. 1971. Trans. Richard Howard. Ithaca Cornell UP, 1977.

Eat Well, Feel Better. the Link Between What We Eat and Our Mental Health

Eat well, feel better. The link amidst what we eat and our psychic wellness. gameboard of contents 1 Introduction Page 2 1. 1 Background information Page 2 1. 2 arrest Page 2 1 Methodology Page 2 2. 3 ancient query Page 2 2. Secondary research Page 2 3 Findings Page 3 3. 1 What is noetic illness Page 3 3. 2 The link between food and rational wellness Page 4 4 Conclusions Page 5 5 Recommendations Page 6 6 Bibliography Page 7 . Introduction 1. 1 Background Information In recent years there has been an increase of psychical wellness problems in our society. According to the Department of Health(2012) one in four adults get laid mental illness at near point during their lifetime and one in six consume symptoms of mental illness thus making it the largest single cause of disability in our society. Many lot choose to take control of their mental health by using self- avail approaches alongside, or even kinda of, prescribed medication and talking therapies.Making change s to fodder and eating habits is just one approach that some hatful have used to help improve their mental well-being. The links between food and mental health atomic number 18 less clearly understood than links between diet and physical health. There argon some generally accepted trends and pieces of advice than end help when thinking closely what you eat and drink. 1. 2 Aim This opus is going to outline what mental health is and how it affects people. It is going to research how what you eat affects your mental health and how eating or not eating certain foods preserve contribute to a persons mental wellbeing.It is also going to suggest the types of foods that atomic number 18 good to help importanttain mental wellbeing and tell the reader why and how these foods make a person with mental health problems feel. 2. Methodology 2. 1Primary research The time allotted for this report did not allow for any accurate primary research to be done as this would have involved drawi ng up questionnaires, handing them out to a target group, put in them in and analysing the findings all of which would be a time consuming task. 2. 2 Secondary inquiry In the report secondary sources from various websites are the main source of information.There is limited information in books about this as it is a very current take and websites such(prenominal) as www. mind. org and www. sustainweb. org have been carrying out research on this subject and have a lot of valuable information. 3. Findings 3. 1 what is mental illness noetic illness is a term used when someone experiences significant changes in their thinking, feelings or behavior. The changes are normally bad enough to affect how the person functions and can cause distress to them or to other people. It may cause Anxiety, Depression, Suicidal Thoughts, Sleep Deprivation and a general feeling of unease and despair.A person with a mental illness sees things differently than a person without a mental illness and somet hing simple to a non-sufferer can be life changing to a sufferer and can come about to the illness taking over where it is a downwards spiral in to the depths of depression. This then become a vicious one shot of depression leading to the sleep deprivation which in turn leads to anxiety attacks which can then lead to feelings of despair and maybe even suicidal thoughts which then brings the sufferer straight back to the beginning were they are anxious about what might happen next and starts the circle all over gain. 3. 2 Research According to Youngminds(2012) there is increasing evidence of a link between what we eat and how we feel. This is called the food conceit connection. How we feel influences what we choose to eat or drink and vice versa and a healthy diet can help to protect our mental health. Mental health problems are believed to be the result of a gang of factors, including age, genetics and environmental factors. One of the most obvious, thus far under-recognised factors in the development of major trends in mental health is the role of nutrition.Sustain(2010) indicates that a balanced mood and feelings of well-being can be helped by ensuring that our diet provides adequate amounts of certain foods such as foods that contain- * Complex carbohydrates, Glucose from the carbohydrates we eat provides the brains main source of fuel. Without this fuel, we cant think clearly. Some carbs are better than others. Sugar, white pasta and biscuits leave alone only give you a short burst of energy. Youll feel tired and grumpy when the scratch soaring wears off and for someone with mental health issues this could then trigger a series of emotions. . If you eat hemorrhoid of sugary foods, fizzy drinks and stimulants such as coffee, tea or alcohol, your blood sugar levels go up and down. This can make you irritable, anxious, and dizzy, it can also lead to poor concentration and ravening behaviour. Complex carbohydrates, such as wholegrain, beans and veg etables, are a better choice because they give you sustained energy and you dont get that come down feeling when they wear off. * Essential fats, Essential fats, found mainly in oily fish, seeds and nuts, cannot be do within the body, so we have to get them from food.Sixty per cent of the brain is made of fat, and the fats we eat directly affect its structure. A lack of omega-3 fatty acids has been linked to various mental health problems, including depression and lack of concentration. * Amino acids, Proteins found mainly in meat, fish and soya products are broken down in the body to be used as amino group acids, which are resilient to good mental health. Brain messengers are made in the body from the proteins that we eat. If we dont get enough amino acids it can lead to feelings of depression, apathy, lack of motivation or tension. * Vitamins and mineralsVitamins such as b ,c , e and pteroylmonoglutamic acid along with minerals such as zinc and magnesium which are found in food s such as green leafy vegetables ,eggs ,red meat ,yeasts ,nuts, whole grains and fruits are all good to help combat mental health issues. * Water is also very good. This is also backed up by information give by Youngminds(2012) and sustain(2012). This is, of course, the same type of healthy balanced diet that is widely recommended to reduce our risk of develop coronary heart disease, strokes, a range of cancers, diabetes and a number of digestive disorders and conditions.The diet that would give us the right amount and balance of these nutrients would contain * lots of different vegetables and fruit * a wide kind of whole grains, * nuts, seeds and legumes, * and some occasional oily fish, lean meat and dairy products. Mind(2012) says the body of evidence linking diet and mental health is growing at a rapid pace. As well as its reach on short and long-term mental health, the evidence indicates that food plays an important contributing role in the development, management and preve ntion of specific mental health problems such as * depression, schizophrenia, * attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), * Alzheimers disease. This is also backed up by sustain(2010) and mentalhealthfoundation(2012). The evidence so far does not show that these conditions can be prevented or cured by diet alone. However, evidence is accumulating that the combination of polyunsaturated fats, minerals and vitamins may help to relieve the symptoms of some mental illnesses improve the effectiveness of medication for some conditions and reduce the unpleasant side-effects of some medications.Comfort eating is another symptom of mental health issues, eating or drinking the foods that give infatuated highs but also bring that depressed low feeling when the effects of the chemicals released in the brain devour off. Mind(2012) states If you eat lots of sugary foods, fizzy drinks and stimulants such as coffee, tea or alcohol, your blood sugar levels go up and down. This can make you i rritable, anxious, and dizzy, It can also lead to poor concentration and aggressive behaviour.Even with all the information that is out there not many people realise the link between food and mental health. Mentalhealthfeedingminds(2012) states that the role of diet in the nations mental health has yet to be fully understood and embraced, and shifts in policy and practice have been slow to materialise. Possible reasons take on a lack of awareness of the evidence, scepticism as to its quality and vested interests in other treatments and approaches. 4. ConclusionsThe aim of this report was to show the link between food and mental health and to show how certain foods effect how we feel. Whilst researching this topic the author found that there is a definite link between food and mental health although not enough research has been done in this area to allow for an extensive report to be carried out. The websites that have researched this issue are trusted and credible websites but they lack the resources to investigate further or carry out primary research on this matter. 5. RecommendationsA recommendation would be for extensive medical research to be carried out in this area with doctors and nutritionist working together to teach people with mental health issues how to help themselves by maintaining a healthy and balanced diet. Also primary research should be done on a target group of people with mental health issues were they keep a food diary of what they eat for a period of time noting how they felt and if there was an improvement on their mental health. References Bibliography * Departmentofhealth. (2012)Mentalhealth. Available from. www. dh. gov. uk. (Accessed02/10/2012). Ispsuk. (2012). What is mental illness and what is mental health? Availablefrom. www. ispsuk. org(2012. Accessed. 04/10/2012 * Mentalhealthintheuk. (2012). Mindguidetofoodandmood. Available from. www. mentalhealthintheuk. co. uk/Mindguidetofood. pdf. Accessed02/10/2012 * Mentalhealthfounda tion. (2012). DietandMentalHealth. Availablefromwww. mentalhealth. org. uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/D/diet. 2012. Accessed. 04/10/2012 * Mentalhealthy. (2012). Self-help Depression Availablefromwww. mentalhealthy. co. uk/lifestyle/mind-food/food-for-good-mental-health. Accessed03. 0. 2012 * Mindforbettermentalhealth. (2012). Mind guide to food and mood. Availablefromwww. mind. org. uk/help/medical_and_alternative_care/food_and_mood-the_mind_guide. Accessed. 02. 10. 2012. * Sustainweb. (2010). Howarefoodandmentalhealthrelated? Availablefrom. www. sustainweb. org/foodandmentalhealth. Accessed. 02/10/2012. * Youngminds. (2012). Youngmindsthevoiceofyoungpeoplesmentalhealthandwellbeing. availablefromhttp//www. youngminds. org. uk/for_children_young_people/better_mental_health/look_after_your_body? gclid=CJWfjqiRurMCFUVZ3godwEEAFQ. A ccessed. 02. 10. 2012.

American Red Cross: Decision For New Building

The American trigger-happy cosset is one of the very busy constitutions operating both inside the country as well as in inter interior(a) locations. But this does not impede the movement of the internal public presentation of the organization that ensures that the American exit Cross is always accessible and amenable to new developments that can dish it perform better as an international aid and assistance organization. One of the recent internal endings that the organization made was the impartationring of some of its sections to another location from its former business address.The transfer will incur to the south Central Division changing its office address, as well as key laboratory facilities and divisions of the American red-faced Cross including the National Testing Lab or the NTL as well as the Missouri-Illinois profligate Services Region. The previous office address of the three offices is found in 4050 Lindell Boulevard in St. Louis (American Red Cross Blood, 20 08). Once the construction is correct, they will transfer to a new office found in Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) campus.The start of the timeline of this range can be attributed to the time when a study conducted six eld before the official announcement of the transfer was made, yielding results that include the identification of the need for important nip and tuck in the buildings that houses important sections of the organization, including the blood manufacturing and blood exploiting section. The next important point in the timeline of this project came two years ago, marking the selection of the current location after a painstaking process of narrowing down prospective location candidates that will house the new building (American Red Cross, 2008).This decision no doubt has monetary implications, including the identification of important and key costs that will surface before the project reaches completion. The two relevant costs for this particular dec ision of the American Red Cross to transfer to another establishment will include the cost of the construction of the building and the cost of the new engineering that the American Red Cross will bring inside the building since the creation of the building is similarly a move to have the organization catch up with the available latest technology for its laboratories.While the American Red Cross has not yet identified the official cost of the project, the public may have an idea already if they will base it from the previous American Red Cross projects that involve the construct of new buildings or the purchasing of existing establishment for the organization. In 1917, the group started shopping for its first national headquarters office, and the money that was used to pay for it came from the government and from private individuals and institutions.The result was a building budgeted at $854,897. 01. A memorial building for the organization followed in 1930, the cost of which pegge d at $780,000. There is also the fiftieth Anniversary Office Building which officially opened its doors on July 7, 1932 after the building project was completed to the tune of $850,000, again shouldered by the government and private groups.Considering the changes in the value of the US dollar mark and the current costs of building construction and the amenities of the said building, it is easy to say that the new building will amount to not less than 5 million US dollars at the very least(prenominal) (RedCross. org, 2008). There ar also some non-relevant costs in this decision, two of which includes the costs of the operation of the American Red Cross for its outreach programs inside the country and for its international operation, and the costs of the education campaign that the American Red Cross is undertaking all year long.The costs of these two particular aspect of the American Red Cross operation is non-relevant to the recently-made decision because this aspect of the operat ion of the organization is in no way committed to the move of the American Red Cross, since the move will only involve part of the organizations laboratory work, including the installation of the equipment necessary for blood testing as well as blood manufacturing.All in all, the probable result(s) of this move will include the improvement of the operation of the group, as well as the shouldering of financial costs of the building if it is burdened to pay such amount in the long term. There are implications rising from this result(s), and it would include operation and financial implications made about by this development. References American Red Cross (2008). Retrieved May 12, 2008, from http//www. redcross. org/ American Red Cross Blood (2008).American Red Cross Blood Services motion Announcement. Retrieved May 12, 2008, from http//americanredcrossblood. org/News/NewsReleases/NewsReleaseViewer/tabid/97/ArticleID/120/CBModuleId/428/Default. aspx Handal, Kathleen A. (1992). The Ame rican Red Cross First Aid and sentry go Handbook. American Red Cross. Boston Little Brown. Red Cross. org (2008). Red Cross Square Headquarters of the American Red Cross. Retrieved May12, 2008, from http//www. redcross. org/museum/history/square. asp

Ethnic group and Discrimination Essay

The issue on racial discrimination continues to prevail in developed countries although in subtle manner. Minority groups in United States urinate had a turbulent history fighting against ethnic group discrimination by the whites. In this paper, I choose to focus on the African America perspective on their fight against prejudice, segregation and racism. The offset printing vagues to arrive in America were slaves. They were brought there against their own will contrary to other immigrants in the trim of opportunity. Terms like Negroes were used to refer to black slaves and from the onset, prejudice remarks were used on them.It is documented that black slaves were seen to gull similar attributes to dumb animals hence inferior. In fact, whites held that Negroes ranked between chimpanzees and human being. Its not clear as to where and when racism started or why but a clear definition of racism exists it means exclusion, division, restriction of any kind based on skin discolor, lean, ethnic origin or nationality It is and past a shame to see that the society has imposed the three ills of society upon Blacks Americans. The Blacks have and continue to pass segregation prejudice and discrimination even today.During the period of colonialism and slavery, blacks were not privileged to attend school inorder to wield them down form any form civilization. They were thought to endure and fight all kinds of discriminations either on basis of skin color, in life style, social class, academic, poisonous justice and economic circles. (K arenga, 2002). In retaliation, the blacks Americans have also propagated Afro centric ideologies against whites which emphasis their superiority. Seemingly, it is fair for blacks to habour feelings of oppression and dislike against whites and other minority groups because these racial ideologies are deeply rooted in society.The weight of past negatively against blacks is a big challenge snarl up until today. The effects have not worn off and hence blacks continue to log a step behind whites not because they are lesser being but society has a steering of pressurizing them to stay at their place i. e. second citizens. In the past, African Americans have faced challenges of security business and have shaky single headed homes. Thus, they are poor. The whites on the other hand, get preference in hearty paying jobs, hence a form of discrimination. Perhaps, the blacks are the most segregated community in America.This is because of the timberland of housing and congestion in black concentration neighbourhoods. It is common to find premium pricing in real estate, which ensures that Black Americans do not afford spacious homes to live in. Even those who make it to bargain for prime property face a degree of segregation in the white neighbourhood. As a result, infant mortality is high and health issues are common in black neighbourhoods. At the corresponding time, crime rates and violent crimes occur among teen agers as they try to fight for survival in broken homes.Martin Luther King, Malcolm X and other black heroes realized these disconnect and lead black liberations movements aimed at bringing to bestride in life. (Amnesty International, US Domestic Human Rights Program, 2004). These discrimination prevent African American from attaining the American woolgather since blacks stand out sharply than any other minority group, their color has often been used to visit the quality of housing, education, service or products that they will given (Kitano, 1997) often it is low quality. Similarly in the criminal justice arena, prejudices and racial profiling persist.Perceptions or rather misconceptions about police action as unintended shooting, use of force, slow response and so on are constructed by blacks to be a anti-Semite(a) conspiracy and segregation. ( Karenga, 2002). Due to these underlying prejudices and racist ideologies, reverse discrimination, policies have been formulated to t ry to correct historically oppressed groups in the Diaspora. This is seen in cases where jobs are reserved for black candidates even where there are dependent whites to fill the position. This is the same policy used to propel affirmative action and boost women participation of women in state affairs.Despite the noble cause behind this policy, it has not gained ground sufficiently owing to the connotations of lenity and sympathy stringed to it. Similarly, it goes against the equal protection clause of the fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the civil rights Act, 42 (Amnesty International, US Domestic Human Rights Program, 2004) Other forms of discriminations against the African Americans include redlining. This practice dates back to the 1930s where banks took survey on residential areas to determine the level of security and hence their real estate value and therefore apportion loans.Neighbourhoods inhabited by blacks were regarded as insecure and thus not eligible for loans. As such, blacks were segregated without delay from acquiring mortgage loans, which in turn ensured that they had access to rich suburbs with decent housing. This form of discrimination was fought and overpower after the Fair housing Act 1968. This law guarded against any kind of redlining based on skin color, race, ethnicity, gender and so on (Amnesty International, US Domestic Human Rights Program, 2004) The community reinvestment Act 1977 also put blacks and other minority groups a step ahead in fight against racial segregation.racial discrimination against blacks affects their presence in the labor market. The opportunity structure in the labor market is sensation that ensures that blacks dominate the cheap labour pool in occupation such as gardening, janitors waiters and so on. In addition, historical influence of past black discrimination forms a culture whereby blacks do not grave for long-term educational training (Karenga, 2002). Similarly, black resided in urban outskir ts where employment opportunities were limited and economic activities few. (Kitano, 1997) thus causing a dual market to form.Moreover, employers also prefer to employ workers from so-called superior races, until they go through their supply. All these forces create a dual market one, which is discriminate against blacks. The advancement of black people at heart social and passage circles is limited owing to discrimination on racial lines. Women are particularly airfield to this glass ceiling. Notably, the expression used glass means that this form of discrimination is unwritten and unofficial til now real. It is commonplace to see a high black achiever unable to advance in career just because of gender or racial bias.In terms of promotions, most employers prefer superior races. ending Personally, I do not identify with any ethnic group. I identify with the human race Blacks, whites, Asians stereotyping prejudice and discrimination ultimately resorts to hate speech and violenc e against groups. Often than not, these prejudices are reinforced for scapegoats inorder to relinquish own failures. It is worthless to hate each other and in extreme cases resort to genocides just because of differing color and nationality. Once humanity can accept that there is no superior person, area only then can we pride ourselves of true intelligence and harmony in the world.

Ctguji

We had on the dot gotten back from a very disappointing game. I dont remember what the score was but we got lose bonny bad. So there ar a arrive of us chilling around the park talking afterwards and we entirely decided that we needed to take off some weed and go hangout somewhere and try and forget about the beating we had Just gotten in the game earlier that night. We all chipped in and one of the guys made a weed run. When he got back we decided that it wasnt a good idea to stick around the park and smoke so we were trying to figure out someplace to go and chill.Then Dave chimes in hat his family had Just moved from their piazza a couple weeks earlier and the place was still empty and he still had his key. It sounded like a pretty good place to go to the rest of us so we Jumped in our cars and degreeed on everyplace to Daves old dramatics. We pull up to the place and Dave Jumps out goes and unlocks the door for us. We all get inside and sound playen some music and smoki ng and haven a good 01 time. So were all having a pretty good time until after a while Dave, the guy whose place it was, starts throwing bottles around and trashing the place.My friends and I cut this and new something was up so we all decided to split. After we left it wasnt to late yet so some of us take a little Joyride around town before we head home. Well, when we got back to school the following Monday we thought it was going to be Just another day at school but later in the morning the cops show up. One by one all of us who had been at the party end up getting called down to the front office and are questioned by the cops. 5 guys ended up getting arrested that day (l wasnt one of them). It turns out that the house we went to that night wasnt actually Daves.His Family had Just been renting the house and had been evicted from It a couple weeks earlier. The cops tracked us down because they got fingerprints from the house and a couple of the guys already had a record with the c ops and they got pulled In first which lead them to the rest of us. It was a whole big mess, the cops had a paddy wagon there and News Crews were set up crossways the road filming as they took guys out In cuffs. Our football team Just kind of knock off apart after that happened. We ended the season with 15 people on the team.

God and The Common Good Approach : Allowing Evil to Demonstrate Empathy

When one looks at the atrocities in the creative activity today and the example used by Johnson of the innocent infant burned in a building, a common re accomplishment is empathy and sympathy. If Johnson insists on view divinity fudge as a mortal and asserting that a human being would not leave alone such atrocity, then it is useful to look at approaches taken by ethical, moral actors in the world today. Looking at the gross-Good approach, we may assert that in order for us to have qualities, such as empathy, compassion, and other redeemable traits, we must have situations in our lives that evoke these qualities.Without pain and suffering, there is no pauperisation for these positive traits, therefore, the argument that God is not ripe does not apply. His position is to ensure that men faeces plump nigh(a) of their own free will. Johnson would argue this approach equates to allowing men to become disgust on their own free will, as well. But, this is the essence of free wil l and of the harsh-Good approach, we must be able to chatter both good and evil to decide how to best achieve a society that throne flake this inevitability of free will.Therefore, God throne be looked at as human, then human approaches to ethics and the common good must be utilized, so under the Common Good approach, God is good. The Common Good approach essentially deals with an idea that individual good is equated and ensured with public good and that individual, honorable traits should be shared as a community in a healthy fashion. In this way, goodness, is not good if it is not shared.To apply this to counteract Johnsons argument, it can be said, then, that in order to recognize good to share it, we must also be able to recognize bad or evil, in order to know how to counter it in a world of free will. Appeals to the common good campaign us to view ourselves as members of the same community, reflecting on broad questions concerning the kind of society we want to become an d how we are to achieve that society (Velasquez, et al, 1996, 2).Johnsons argument to this would be that just as there is an imagined God that promotes good in the actions of man in reference to free will, there could easily be an evil God that does the opposite. For example, we could say that God is evil and that he allows free will so that we can freely do evil things, which would make us more truly evil than we would be if forced to get along evil acts (Johnson, 1983, 88). This argument against free will does not compliment Johnsons insistence that we look at God as a human being.Just as societies and groups strive to make communities better, there are groups, who stir to do evil deeds and go against the common good. If God is only human, then God can only hope that others will chose not to do evil with their free will. In conclusion, Johnson is flawed in looking at God as if God is human, then attaching inhuman traits or superhuman traits to action or inaction. If God is made of human qualities, then there will be flaws in eve Gods own self and design.But, with the insistence of Johnson to claim God as human, then we can simply look at ethical human approached to good and evil. We can be hopeful that with the Common Good approach that moral actors will do what is right with the idea that God would act in this same manner. References Johnson, B. C. The Problem of God and Evil in The Atheist Debaters Handbook. (1983). Amherst, NY Prometheus Books. 99-108. reprint. Velasquez, M. , Andre, C. , Shanks, T, Meyer, S. J. & Meyer M. Thinking ethically A Framework for Moral Decision Making in Issues in Ethics (Winter, 1996). 2-5.

The Behavior Of Human Being Health And Social Care Essay

Methodo logy is a subject direct the behaviour of adult male being in assorted societal scene. Harmonizing to Merton ( 1957 ) methodological depth psychology is the logic of scientific process. The inquiry is a systematic method of detecting new facts for verifying old facts, their sequence, interrelatedness, insouciant account and natural Torahs that modulate them.The scientific methodological analysis is a system of explicit regulations and processs upon which research is based and against which the claim for intuition be evaluated. This subdivision of the survey edifying the description of the survey country, definitions of stuff use methods to accomplish the aims and inhering parts of the present survey.3.1 Data CollectionThe recital is collected by carry oning a reputation so that those factors nooky be considered which were non available in the infirmary record and were most of import as the hazard factors of hepatitis. The study was conducted in the liver Centre of the DHQ infirmary Faisalabad during the months of February and March 2009. A questionnaire was make for the bearing of study and both(prenominal) assertable hazard factors were added in it. During the ii months the propose of patients that were interviewed was 262.The factors studied in this study argon Age, Gender, Education, Marital Status, Area, Hepatitis Type, Profession, Jaundice History, History of Blood Transfusion, History of Surgery, Family History, Smoking, and Diabetes. Most of the factors in this information sight atomic number 18 binary and roughly require more(prenominal) than two f entirely aparts. Hepatitis character is repartee changeable which has trey classs.3.2 Restrictions of DatasIn the outline it was decided to take a complete study on the five types of hepatitis merely during the study it was known that hepatitis A is non a dangerous disease and the patients of this disease argon non admitted in the infirmary. In this disease patients can b e in completely right after 1 or 2 hitch ups and largely patients do nt cognize that they have this disease and with the transition of clip their disease finished without whatever side consequence. On the other manus, hepatitis D and E atomic number 18 rattling rargon and really unsafe diseases. HDV can hold growing in the presence of HBV. The patient, who has hepatitis B, can hold hepatitis D but non the other than that. These be really r are instances. During my two months study non a individual patient of hepatitis A, D and E was strand. Largely people are enduring from the hepatitis B and C. So now the dependant covariant has leash classs. in that respectfore polynomial logistic arrested suppu proportionalityn theoretical account with a dependant inconsistent belongings three classs is made.3.3 Statistical shiftingsThe word variable is utilise in statistically oriented literature to manoeuver a characteristic or a belongings that is possible to mensurate. W hen the research giveer nebs something, he makes a numerical theoretical account of the phenomenon being surveyd. Measurements of a variable addition their deduction from the fact that in that location exists a al i correspondence amid the assigned Numberss and the degrees of the belongings being measured.In the finding of the grab statistical analysis for a given nonplus of informations, it is utile to sort variables by type. One method for sorting variables is by the grade of edification evident in the flair they are measured. For illustration, a research worker can mensurate tallness of people harmonizing to whether the top of their caput exceeds a grade on the wall if yes, they are tall and if no, they are short. On the other manus, the research worker can in both event mensurate tallness in centimetres or inches. The ulterior technique is a more sophisticated manner of mensurating tallness. As a scientific subject progresss, measurings of the variables with which it deals become more sophisticated.Assorted efforts have been made to validate variable classification. A normally recognized system is proposed by Stevens ( 1951 ) . In this system measurings are assort as nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio graduated tables. In deducing his salmagundi, Stevens characterized separately of the four types by a renewal that would non alter a measurings categorization.Table 3.1 Steven s Measurement SystemType of MeasurementBasic empirical operationExamplesNominal conclusion of equality of classs.Religion, Race, Eye colour, Gender, etc.OrdinalDetermination of greater than or slight than ( ranking ) . paygrade of pupils, Ranking of the BP as low, medium, high etc.Time intervalDetermination of equality of differences betwixt degrees.Temperature etc.RatioDetermination of equality of ratios of degrees.Height, Weight, etc. variable of the survey are of vapid in temperament and holding nominal and ordinal type of measuring.3.4 Variables of AnalysisSi nce the chief focal point of this survey is on the association of different hazard factors with the presence of HBV and HCV. Therefore, the person in the informations were loosely classified into three companys. This categorization is based on whether an person is a bearer of HBV, HCV or N wholeness of these. Following table explains this categorization.Table 3.2 assortment of PersonsNo.SampleHepatitisPercentageI100No38.2 devil19HBV7.3Three143HCV54.6Entire262 1003.4.1 Categorization of Predictor VariablesNominal type variables and cryptography isSexual activity Male 1 Female 2Area Urban 1 Rural 2Marital Status Single 1 Married 2Hepatitis Type No 1 B 2 C 3Profession No1 Farmer2 Factory3 Govt. 4 5 Shop KeeperJaundice Yes 1 No 2History Blood Transfusion Yes 1 No 2History Surgery Yes 1 No 2Family History Yes 1 No 2Smoking Yes 1 No 2Diabetess Yes 1 No 2Ordinal type variable and cryptography isAge 11 to 20 1 21 to 30 2 31 to 40 3 41 to 50 4 51 to 60 5Education Primary 1 Middle 2 Metric 3 Fas 4 BA 5 University 63.5 Statistical AnalysisThe appropriate statistical analysis techniques to accomplish the aims of the survey take on frequence distribution, per centums and eventuality tabular arraies among the of import variables. In multivariate analysis, comparing of Logistic Regression and assortment maneuvers is made.The statistical bundle SPSS was used for the intent of analysis.3.6 Logistic Arrested instructionLogistic arrested knowledge is portion of statistical theoretical accounts called generalised bilinear theoretical accounts. This broad category of theoretical accounts includes ordinary arrested cultivation and analysis of discrepancy, every piece good as multivariate statistics such as analysis of covariance and Loglinear arrested suppuration. A frightful intervention of generalised additive theoretical accounts is presented in Agresti ( 1996 ) .Logistic arrested using analysis surveies the consanguinity between a categorical response variable and a roach of in unfree ( instructive ) variables. The name logistic arrested nurture is frequently used when the dependant variable has merely two determine. The name multiple- assembly logistic arrested ripening ( MGLR ) is normally reserved for the instance when the response variable has more than two whole determine. Multiple-radical logistic arrested development is sometimes called polynomial logistic arrested development, polytomous logistic arrested development, polychotomous logistic arrested development, or nominal logistic arrested development. Although the information wrench is different from that of multiple arrested developments, the practical usage of the process is confusable.Logistic arrested development competes with discriminant analysis as a method for analysing distinct dependent variables. In fact, the current esthesis among numerous statisticians is that logistic arrested development is more flexible and superior for most adduce of affairss than is d iscriminant analysis because logistic arrested development does non presume that the ex proposalatory variables are commonly distributed while discriminant analysis does. Discriminant analysis can be used merely in instance of continual explanatory variables. Therefore, in cases where the prognosticator variables are categorical, or a mixture of invariable and categorical variables, logistic arrested development is preferred.Provided logistic arrested development theoretical account does non affect determination channelises and is more similar to nonlinear arrested development such as suiting a multinomial to a set of informations values.3.6.1 The Logit and Logistic TransformationsIn multiple arrested development, a mathematical theoretical account of a set of explanatory variables is used to hollo the mean of the dependant variable. In logistic arrested development, a mathematical theoretical account of a set of explanatory variable is used to foretell a transmutation of the dependant variable. This is logit transmutation. Suppose the numerical values of 0 and 1 are assigned to the two classs of a binary variable. Often, 0 represents a oppose response and a 1 represents a cocksure response. The mean of this variable entrust be the ratio of positive responses. Because of this, we might seek to pattern the relationship between the chance ( proportion ) of a positive response and explanatory variable. If P is the proportion of observations with a response of 1, so 1-p is the chance of a response of 0. The ratio p/ ( 1-p ) is called the odds and the logit is the logarithm of the odds, or merely log odds. Mathematically, the logit transmutation is written asThe following tabular rank shows the logit for assorted values of P.Table 3.3 Logit for Various Values of PPhosphorusLogit ( P )PhosphorusLogit ( P )0.001-6.9070.9996.9070.010-4.5950.9904.5950.05-2.9440.9502.9440.100-2.1970.9002.1970.200-1.3860.8001.3860.300-0.8470.7000.8470.400-0.4050.6000.4050.5000. 000 honor that while P ranges between zero and one, the logit scopes between subtraction and plus eternity. Besides note that the null logit occurs when P is 0.50.The logistic transmutation is the opposite of the logit transmutation. It is written as3.6.2 The Log Odds TransformationThe difference between two log odds can be used to compare two proportions, such as that of males versus females. Mathematically, this difference is writtenThis difference is frequently referred to as the log odds ratio. The odds ratio is frequently used to compare proportions a corrupt groups. Note that the logistic transmutation is closely related to the odds ratio. The perverted relationship is3.7 The Multinomial Logistic Regression and Logit ModelIn multiple-group logistic arrested development, a distinct dependant variable Y holding G alone values is a regressed on a set of p independent variables. Y represents a manner of partitioning the population of involvement. For illustration, Y may be pre sence or absence of a disease, status after surgery, a matrimonial position. Since the names of these dissociaters are arbitrary, refer to them by back-to-back Numberss. Y leave behind take on the values 1, 2, a , G. allowThe logistic arrested development theoretical account is given by the G equationsHere, is the chance that an single with values is in group g. That is,Normally ( that is, an intercept is included ) , but this is non necessary. The quantities represent the previous chances of group rank. If these anterior chances are assumed equal, so the term becomes zero and drops out. If the priors are non assumed equal, they change the values of the intercepts in the logistic arrested development equation. The arrested development coefficients for the stir group set to zero. The pick of the mention group is arbitrary. Normally, it is the largest group or a control group to which the other groups are to be compared. This leaves G-1 logistic arrested development equations in t he polynomial logistic arrested development theoretical account.are population arrested development coefficients that are to be estimated from the informations. Their estimations are represented by B s. The represents the unknown parametric quantities, while the B s are their estimations.These equations are additive in the logits of p. However, in bridgeheads of the chances, they are nonlinear. The comparable nonlinear equations areSince =1 because all of its arrested development coefficients are zero.Frequently, all of these theoretical accounts referred to as logistic arrested development theoretical accounts. However, when the independent variables are coded as ANOVA type theoretical accounts, they are sometimes called logit theoretical accounts. can be interpret as thatThis shows that the last(a) value is the merchandise of its single footings.3.7.1 Solving the Likelihood EquationTo better notation, allowThe likelihood for a savour of N observations is so given bywhere is on e if the observation is in group g and zero otherwise.Using the fact that =1, the likeliness, L, is given byMaximal likeliness estimations of are found by materialiseing those values that maximize this log likeliness equation. This is plain(a) by naughting the partial derived functions and so equates them to zero. The ensuing likeliness equations areFor g = 1, 2, a , G and k = 1, 2, a , p. Actually, since all coefficients are zero for g=1, the scope of g is from 2 to G.Because of the nonlinear nature of the parametric quantities, in that location is no closed-form solution to these equations and they moldiness be solved iteratively. The Newton-Raphson method as described in Albert and Harris ( 1987 ) is used to work out these equations. This method makes usage of the information matrix, , which is formed from the second partial derived function. The elements of the information matrix are given byThe information matrix is used because the asymptotic covariance matrix is equal to the opposite of the information matrix, i.e.This covariance matrix is used in the computation of assurance intervals for the arrested development coefficients, odds ratios, and predicted chances.3.7.2 Interpretation of Regression CoefficientsThe variation material of the estimated arrested development coefficients is non leisurely as compared to that in multiple arrested development. In polynomial logistic arrested development, non merely is the relationship between X and Y nonlinear, but besides, if the dependant variable has more than two alone values, there are several arrested development equations.See the unproblematic instance of a binary response variable, Y, and one explanatory variable, X. Assume that Y is coded so it takes on the values 0 and 1. In this instance, the logistic arrested development equation isNow consider impact of a unit addition in X. The logistic arrested development equation becomesWe can insulate the incline by taking the difference between these two equations. We haveThat is, is the log of the odds at X+1 and X. Removing the logarithm by exponentiating both sides givesThe arrested development coefficient is interpreted as the log of the odds ratio comparing the odds after a one unit addition in X to the original odds. Note that, unlike the multiple arrested developments, the education of depends on the amusing value of X since the chance values, the P s, depart change for different X.3.7.3 Binary Independent VariableWhen Ten can take on merely two values, say 0 and 1, the above reading becomes even simpler. Since there are merely two possible values of X, there is a alone reading for given by the log of the odds ratio. In mathematical term, the significance of is soTo all in all understand, we must take the logarithm of the odds ratio. It is hard to believe in footings of logarithms. However, we can retrieve that the log of one is zero. So a positive value of indicates that the odds of the numerator are big while a negat ive value indicates that the odds of the denominator are larger.It is probability easiest to believe in footings of instead than a, because is the odds ratio while is the log of the odds ratio.3.7.4 Multiple Independent VariablesWhen there are multiple independent variables, the reading of each arrested development coefficient more hard, particularly if interaction footings are included in the theoretical account. In general nevertheless, the arrested development coefficient is interpreted the same as above, except that the caution holding all other independent variables changeless must be added. That is, can the values of this independent variable be increase by one without altering any of the other variables. If it can, so the reading is as earlier. If non, so some type of conditional statement must be added that histories for the values of the other variables.3.7.5 Polynomial Dependent VariableWhen the dependant variable has more than two values, there will be more than one arre sted development equation. Infect, the discover of arrested development equation is equal to one less than the figure of categories in dependent variables. This makes reading more hard because there is several arrested development coefficients associated with each independent variable. In this instance, attention must be taken to understand what each arrested development equation is anticipation. Once this is understood, reading of each of the k-1 arrested development coefficients for each variable can continue as above.For illustration, dependant variable has three classs A, B and C. Two arrested development equations will be generated matching to any two of these index variables. The value that is non used is called the mention class value. As in this instance C is taken as mention class, the arrested development equations would beThe two coefficients for in these equations, , give the alteration in the log odds of A versus C and B versus C for a one unit alteration in, severall y.3.7.6 PremisesOn logistic arrested development the brisk limitation is that the result should be distinct.One-dimensionality in the logit i.e. the logistic arrested development equation should be additive related with the logit shape of the response variable.No outliersIndependence of mistakes.No Multicollinearity.3.8 Categorization TreesTo foretell the rank of each category or object in instance of categorical response variable on the footing of one or more forecaster variables categorization trees are used. The flexibleness ofA categorization trees makes them a really dramatic analysis pick, but it can non be said that their usage is suggested to the skip of more conventional techniques. The traditional methods should be preferred, in fact, when the theoretical and distributional premises of these methods are fulfilled. But as an election, or as a technique of last option when traditional methods fail, A categorization treesA are, in the intellection of many research work ers, unsurpassed.The survey and usage ofA categorization treesA are non prevailing in the Fieldss of chance and statistical theoretical account sensing ( Ripley, 1996 ) , butA categorization treesA are by and large used in use Fieldss as in medical specialty for diagnosing, computing machine scientific discipline to measure informations constructions, plant life for categorization, and in psychological science for doing determination theory.A Classification trees thirstily provide themselves to being displayed diagrammatically, functioning to do them easy to construe. Several tree good turn algorithms are available. In this survey three algorithms are used go-cart ( Classification and Regression Tree ) , CHAID ( Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection ) , and collect ( Quick unbiassed Efficient Statistical Tree ) .3.9 CHAID AlgorithmThe CHAID ( Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection ) algorithm is originally proposed by Kass ( 1980 ) . CHAID algorithm allows multiple c ashiers of a thickening. This algorithm merely accepts nominal or ordinal categorical forecasters. When forecasters are uninterrupted, they are transformed into ordinal forecasters before utilizing this algorithmIt consists of three stairss meeting, break offting and fillet. A tree is boastful by repeatedly utilizing these three stairss on each customer get downing organize the home lymph gland.3.9.1. MergingFor each explanatory variable Ten, unify non-significant classs. If X is used to divide the customer, each concluding class of X will ensue in one kid knob. Adjusted p-value is besides cypher in the confluent measure and this P value is to be used in the measure of bumpting.If there is merely one class in X, so halt the process and set the familiarized p-value to be 1.If X has 2 classs, the adjusted p-value is computed for the coordinated classs by using Bonferroni accommodations.Otherwise, egest the sensible perk of classs of X ( a sensible brace of classs for ordi nal forecaster is two next classs, and for nominal forecaster is any two classs ) that is least significantly different ( i.e. more similar ) . The most kindred brace is the brace whose tribulation statistic gives the highest p-value with regard to the response variable Y.For the brace holding the highest p-value, look into if its p-value is larger than significance-level. If it is larger than significance degree, this brace is merged into a individual compound class. Then a new set of classs of that explanatory variable is formed.If the freshly created compound class consists of three or more original classs, so happen the outflank binary split within the compound class for which p-value is the smallest. Make this binary split if its p-value is non greater than significance degree.The adjusted p-value is computed for the merged classs by using Bonferroni accommodation.Any class holding excessively hardly a(prenominal) observations is merged with the most likewise other class as measured by the largest of the p-value.The adjusted p-value is computed for the merged classs by using Bonferroni accommodation.3.9.2. give awaytingThe best split for each explanatory variable is found in the measure of unifying. The rending measure selects which predictor to be used to outdo split the lymph gland. Choice is accomplished by comparing the adjusted p-value associated with each forecaster. The adjusted p-value is obtained in the confluent measure.Choose the independent variable that has minimum adjusted p-value ( i.e. most important ) .If this adjusted p-value is less than or equal to a user-specified alpha-level, split the knob utilizing this forecaster. Else, do non divide and the knob is considered as a depot pommel.3.9.3. FilletThe stopping measure cheques if the tree turning procedure should be stopped harmonizing to the following fillet regulations.If a node becomes utter(a) that is, all instances in a node have indistinguishable values of the dependant va riable, the node will non be split.If all instances in a node have indistinguishable values for each forecaster, the node will non be split.If the current tree depth reaches the user specified maximal tree deepness bound value, the tree turning procedure will halt.If the coat of a node is less than the user-specified token(prenominal) node size value, the node will non be split.If the split of a node consequences in a kid node whose node size is less than the user-specified minimal kid node size value, electric shaver nodes that have excessively few instances ( as compared with this lower limit ) will unify with the most similar kid node as measured by the largest of the p-values. However, if the ensuing figure of child nodes is 1, the node will non be split.3.9.4 P-Value Calculation in CHAIDCalculations of ( unadjusted ) p-values in the above algorithms depend on the type of dependent variable.The confluent measure of CHAID sometimes needs the p-value for a brace of X classs, and sometimes needs the p-value for all the classs of X. When the p-value for a brace of X classs is needed, merely portion of informations in the current node is relevant. Let D denote the relevant information. Suppose in D, X has I classs and Y ( if Y is categorical ) has J classs. The p-value computation utilizing informations in D is given below.If the dependant variable Y is nominal categorical, the vanity assumption of independency of X and Y is tested. To execute the trial, a eventuality ( or count ) tabular array is formed utilizing categories of Y as columns and classs of the forecaster X as rows. The expected cell frequences under the void hypothesis are estimated. The ascertained and the expected cell frequences are used to cipher the Pearson chi-squared statistic or to cipher the likeliness ratio statistic. The p-value is computed based on either one of these two statistics.The Pearson s Chi-square statistic and likeliness ratio statistic are, severally,Where is the as certained cell frequence and is the estimated expected cell frequence, is the bill of ith row, is the amount of jth column and is the expansive sum. The corresponding p-value is given by for Pearson s Chi-square trial or for likeliness ratio trial, where follows a chi-squared distribution with d.f. ( J-1 ) ( I-1 ) .3.9.5 Bonferroni AdjustmentsThe adjusted p-value is compute as the p-value times a Bonferroni multiplier. The Bonferroni multiplier adjusts for multiple trials.Suppose that a forecaster variable originally has I classs, and it is reduced to r classs after the confluent stairss. The Bonferroni multiplier B is the figure of possible ways that I classs can be merged into R classs. For r=I, B=1. For use the following(prenominal) equation.3.10 QUEST AlgorithmQUEST is proposed by Loh and Shih ( 1997 ) as a Quick, Unbiased, Efficient, Statistical Tree. It is a tree-structured categorization algorithm that yields a binary determination tree. A comparing survey of QUEST and othe r algorithms was conducted by Lim et Al ( 2000 ) .The QUEST tree turning procedure consists of the choice of a split forecaster, choice of a split point for the selected forecaster, and halting. In QUEST algorithm, univariate splits are considered.3.10.1 Choice of a Split ForecasterFor each uninterrupted forecaster X, execute an ANOVA F trial that trials if all the different categories of the dependant variable Y have the same mean of X, and cipher the p-value harmonizing to the F statistics. For each categorical forecaster, execute a Pearson s chi-square trial of Y and X s independency, and cipher the p-value harmonizing to the chi-square statistics.Find the forecaster with the smallest p-value and denote it X* .If this smallest p-value is less than I / M, where I ( 0,1 ) is a degree of significance and M is the entire figure of forecaster variables, forecaster X* is selected as the split forecaster for the node. If non, travel to 4.For each uninterrupted forecaster X, compute a Le vene s F statistic based on the absolute divergence of Ten from its category mean to render if the discrepancies of X for different categories of Y are the same, and cipher the p-value for the trial.Find the forecaster with the smallest p-value and denote it as X** .If this smallest p-value is less than I/ ( M + M1 ) , where M1 is the figure of uninterrupted forecasters, X** is selected as the split forecaster for the node. Otherwise, this node is non split.3.10.1.1 Pearson s Chi-Square TrialSuppose, for node T, there are Classs of dependent variable Yttrium. The Pearson s Chi-Square statistic for a categorical forecaster Ten with classs is given by3.10.2 Choice of the Split PointAt a node, suppose that a forecaster variable Ten has been selected for dividing. The following measure is to make up ones mind the split point. If X is a uninterrupted forecaster variable, a split point vitamin D in the split Xad is to be unflinching. If X is a nominal categorical forecaster variable, a subset K of the set of all values taken by X in the split XK is to be determined. The algorithm is as follows.If the selected forecaster variable Ten is nominal and with more than two classs ( if X is binary, the split point is clear ) , QUEST foremost transforms it into a uninterrupted variable ( name it I? ) by delegating the largest discriminant co-ordinates to classs of the forecaster. QUEST so applies the split point choice algorithm for uninterrupted forecaster on I? to find the split point.3.10.2.1 Transformation of a Categorical Predictor into a Continuous ForecasterLet X be a nominal categorical forecaster taking values in the set Transform X into a uninterrupted variable such that the ratio of between-class to within-class amount of squares of is maximized ( the categories here refer to the categories of dependent variable ) . The inside informations are as follows.Transform each value ten of X into an I dimensional silent person vector, whereCalculate the overall and cate gory J mean of V.where N is a circumstantial instance in the whole sample, frequence incubus associated with instance N, is the entire figure of instances and is the entire figure of instances in category J.Calculate the undermentioned IA-I matrices.Perform individual value decomposition on T to obtain where Q is an IA-I extraneous matrix, such that Let where if 0 otherwise. Perform individual value decomposition on to obtain its eigenvector which is associated with its largest characteristic root of a square matrix.The largest discriminant co-ordinate of V is the projection3.10.3 FilletThe stopping measure cheques if the tree turning procedure should be stopped harmonizing to the following fillet regulations.If a node becomes pure that is, all instances belong to the same dependant variable category at the node, the node will non be split.If all instances in a node have indistinguishable values for each forecaster, the node will non be split.If the current tree deepness reaches the user-specified maximal tree deepness bound value, the tree turning procedure will halt.If the size of a node is less than the user-specified minimal node size value, the node will non be split.If the split of a node consequences in a kid node whose node size is less than the user-specified minimal kid node size value, the node will non be split.3.11 CART AlgorithmCategorization and Regression Tree ( C & A RT ) or ( CART ) is given by Breiman et Al ( 1984 ) . CART is a binary determination tree that is constructed by dividing a node into two kid nodes repeatedly, get downing with the root node that contains the whole acquisition sample.The procedure of ciphering categorization and arrested development trees can be involved four basic stairssSpecification of Criteria for Predictive AccuracySplit extractStopingRight Size of the Tree A3.11.1 Specification of Criteria for Predictive AccuracyThe categorization and arrested development trees ( C & A RT ) algorithms are normally aime d at accomplishing the greatest possible prognostic truth. The anticipation with the least cost is outlined as most precise anticipation. The construct of be was developed to generalise, to a wider scope of anticipation state of affairss, the idea that the best anticipation has the minimal misclassification rate. In the bulk of applications, the cost is measured in the signifier of proportion of misclassified instances, or discrepancy. In this context, it follows, hence, that a anticipation would be considered best if it has the lowest misclassification rate or the smallest discrepancy. The demand of minimising costs arises when some of the anticipations that fail are more catastrophic than others, or the failed anticipations occur more frequently than others.3.11.1.1 PriorsIn the instance of a qualitative response ( categorization job ) , costs are minimized in order to minimise the proportion of misclassification when priors are relative to the size of the category and when for e very category costs of misclassification are taken to be equal.The anterior chances those are used in minimising the costs of misclassification can greatly act upon the categorization of objects. Therefore, attention has to be taken for utilizing the priors. Harmonizing to general construct, to set the weight of misclassification for each class the comparative size of the priors should be used. However, no priors are required when one is constructing a arrested development tree.3.11.1.2 Misclassification CostssSometimes more accurate categorization of the response is required for a few categories than others for cause non related to the comparative category sizes. If the decisive factor for prognostic truth is Misclassification costs, so minimising costs would amount to minimising the proportion of misclassification at the clip priors are taken relative to the size of categories and costs of misclassification are taken to be the same for every category. A3.11.2 Split ChoiceThe foll owing cardinal measure in categorization and arrested development trees ( CART ) is the choice of splits on the footing of explanatory variables, used to foretell rank in instance of the categorical response variables, or for the anticipation uninterrupted response variable. In general footings, the plan will happen at each node the split that will bring forth the greatest betterment in prognostic truth. This is normally measured with some type of node dross step, which gives an indication of the homogeneousness of instances in the terminal nodes. If every instance in each terminal node dilate equal values, so node dross is smallest, homogeneousness is maximum, and anticipation is ideal ( at least for the instances those were used in the computations prognostic cogency for new instances is of class a different affair ) . In simple words it can be said thatNecessitate a step of dross of a node to assist make up ones mind on how to divide a node, or which node to divideThe step sho uld be at a upper limit when a node is every bit divided amongst all categoriesThe dross should be zero if the node is all one category3.11.2.1 Measures of ImpurityThere are many steps of dross but following are the good known steps.Misclassification arrangeInformation, or InformationGini IndexIn pattern the misclassification rate is non used because state of affairss can happen where no split improves the misclassification rate and besides the misclassification rate can be equal when one option is clearly better for the following measure.3.11.2.2 Measure of Impurity of a NodeAchieves its upper limit at ( , ,a , ) = ( , ,a , )Achieves its lower limit ( normally zero ) when one = 1, for some I, and the remainder are zero. ( pure node )Symmetrical map of ( , ,a , )Gini indexI ( T ) = = 1 Information3.11.2.3 To Make a Split at a NodeSee each variable, ,a ,Find the split for that gives the greatest decrease in Gini index for dross i.e. maximise( 1 ) make this for j=1,2, a , PUse the v ariables that gives the best split, If cost of misclassification are unequal, CART chooses a split to obtain the biggest decrease inI ( T ) = C ( one J )= C ( one J ) + C ( j I ) priors can be incorporated into the costs )3.11.3 FilletIn chief, dissever could go on until all instances are absolutely classified or predicted. However, this would nt do much sense since one would probably stop up with a tree construction that is as complex and boring as the original informations file ( with many nodes perchance incorporating individual observations ) , and that would most likely non be really utile or accurate for omen new observations. What is required is some sensible fillet regulation. Two methods can be used to represent a cheque on the splitting procedure viz. Minimum N and Fraction of objects.3.11.3.1 minimal NTo make up ones mind about the fillet of the splits, splitting is permitted to go on until all the terminal nodes are pure or they are more than a specified figur e of objects in the terminal node.3.11.3.2 Fraction of ObjectsAnother manner to make up ones mind about the fillet of the splits, splitting is permitted to go on until all the terminal nodes are pure or there are a specified smallest fraction of the size of one ore more classs in the response variable.For categorization jobs, if the priors are tantamount(predicate) and category sizes are same as good, so we will halt splitting when all terminal nodes those have more than one class, have no more instances than the defined fraction of the size of class for one or more classs. On the other manus, if the priors which are used in the analysis are non equal, one would halt splitting when all terminal nodes for which two or more categories have no more instances than defined fraction for one or more categories ( Loh and Vanichestakul, 1988 ) .3.11.4 Right Size of the TreeThe absolute majority of a tree in the C & A RT ( categorization and arrested development trees ) analysis is an of i mport affair, since an unreasonably big tree makes the reading of consequences more complicated. Some generalisations can be presented about what constitutes the accurate size of the tree. It should be adequately complex to depict for the acknowledged facts, but it should be every bit easy as possible. It should use information that increases prognostic truth and pay no attending to information that does non. It should show the manner to the larger apprehension of the phenomena. One attack is to turn the tree up to the right size, where the size is specify by the user, based on the information from anterior research, analytical information from earlier analyses, or even perceptual experience. The other attack is to utilize a set of well-known, structured processs introduced by Breiman et Al. ( 1984 ) for the choice of right size of the tree. These processs are non perfect, as Breiman et Al. ( 1984 ) thirstily acknowledge, but at least they take subjective sentiment out of the pro cedure to choose the right-sized tree. A There are some methods to halt the splitting.3.11.4.1 foot race Sample Cross-ValidationThe most preferable sort of cross-validation is the trial sample cross-validation. In this kind of cross-validation, the tree is constructed from the larning sample, and trial sample is used to look into the prognostic truth of this tree. If test sample costs go beyond the costs for the acquisition sample, so this is an indicant of hapless cross-validation. In this instance, some other sized tree may cross-validate healthier. The trial samples and larning samples can be made by taking two independent informations sets, if a larger learning sample is gettable, by reserving a randomly chosen proportion ( say one 3rd or one half ) of the instances for utilizing as the trial sample. ASplit the N units in the preparation sample into V- groups of equal size. ( V=10 )Construct a big tree and hack for each set of V-1 groups.Suppose group V is held out and a big tree is built from the combined informations in the other V-1 groups.Find the best subtree for sorting the instances in group V. Run each instance in group V down the tree and calculate the figure that are misclassified.R ( T ) = R ( T ) +Number of nodes in tree T complexity parametric quantityNumber misclassifiedWith tree TFind the weakest node and snip off all subdivisions formed by dividing at that node. ( examine each non terminal node )I ) Check each brace of terminal nodes and prune if13S3 F Number misclassifiedat node T= 37 S3 F6 S0 F=0 = 313S3 Fso do a terminal node.two ) Find the following weakest node. For the t-th node computeR ( T ) = R ( T ) +Number of nodesat or below node TNumber misclassifiedIf all subdivisions fromnode T are keptR ( T ) == R ( T )should snip if R ( T ) R ( T )this occurs whenat each non terminal node compute the smallest value of such thatthe node with the smallest such is the weakest node and all subdivisions below it should be pruned off. I t so becomes a terminal node. Produce a sequence of treesthis is done individually for V= 1,2, a , V.3.11.4.2 V-fold Cross-ValidationThe 2nd type of cross-validation is V-fold cross-validation. This type of cross-validation is valuable when trial sample is non available and the acquisition sample is really precise that test sample can non be taken from it. The figure of random bomber samples are determined by the user specified value ( called v value ) for V-fold cross inference. These sub samples are made from the acquisition samples and they should be about equal in size. A tree of the specified size is calculated v A times, each clip go forthing out one of the bomber samples from the calculations, and utilizing that sub sample as a trial sample for cross-validation, with the purpose that each bomber sample is considered ( 5 1 ) times within the learning sample and merely one time as the trial sample. The cross proof costs, calculated for all v trial samples, are averaged to show the v-fold estimation of the cross proof costs.